Nested Patterns of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton and Seasonal Characteristics of Their Mutualistic Networks: A Case Study of the Upstream Section of the Diannong River in Yinchuan City, China
<p>Diagram of sampling sites in the Diannong River, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Seasonal characteristics of plankton community abundance composition in the upper section of the Diannong River. (<b>a</b>) Phytoplankton phylum-level community abundance composition in the upper section of the Diannong River; (<b>b</b>) zooplankton phylum-level community abundance composition in the upper section of the Diannong River; (<b>c</b>) phytoplankton genus-level community abundance composition in the upper section of the Diannong River; (<b>d</b>) zooplankton genus-level community abundance composition in the upper section of the Diannong River.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Zooplankton distribution matrix in the Cannon River ((<b>a</b>): phytoplankton; (<b>b</b>): zooplankton). The black color indicates species occurring at different sampling locations and times.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Seasonal changes in mutualistic networks between phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. (<b>a</b>) January phytoplankton and zooplankton dichotomous networks; (<b>b</b>) April phytoplankton and zooplankton dichotomous networks; (<b>c</b>) July phytoplankton and zooplankton dichotomous networks; (<b>d</b>) October phytoplankton and zooplankton dichotomous networks.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Correlation analysis between plankton community and water environment factors in the upstream section of Diannong River. Blue indicates phytoplankton, yellow indicates zooplankton, lines indicate significant linear regression, R is the correlation coefficient, and <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value is the significance of the Mantel test analysis.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Sample Points Deployment and Sampling Time
2.3. Sample Collection and Experimental Methods
2.4. Construction of the Plankton Dichotomous Network and Its Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Water Quality
3.2. Plankton Community Composition and Its Diversity
3.3. Nested Patterns of Planktonicity
3.4. Plankton Interaction Network Relationships
3.5. Correlation Analysis between Plankton and Water Environment Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Plankton Composition and Its Diversity in the Upper Section of the Diannong River
4.2. Nested Structure of Plankton in the Upper Section of the Diannong River
4.3. Seasonal Characteristics of the Interaction Network between Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in the Upper Section of the Diannong River
4.4. Correlation between Plankton and Water Environment Factors in the Upstream Section of the Diannong River
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Parameters | January | April | July | October | Statistical Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT (°C) | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 22.1 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 1.3 | *** |
Cond (µS/cm) | 911 ± 400 | 1445 ± 656 | 998 ± 273 | 2298 ± 1803 | * |
DO (mg/L) | 14 ± 3 | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 2 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | *** |
Sal (ppt) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | ** |
TDS (mg/L) | 1073 ± 468 | 878 ± 403 | 592 ± 163 | 1586 ± 1248 | ** |
pH | 8.3 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | *** |
TN (mg/L) | 3.8 ± 3.7 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 3.6 | ** |
NH4+-N (mg/L) | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 0.44 ± 0.34 | 0.36 ± 0.33 | 0.33 ± 0.28 | ** |
TP (mg/L) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | * |
AP (mg/L) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.0011 ± 0.0002 | 0.025 ± 0.025 | *** |
CODMn (mg/L) | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | ** |
CODCr (mg/L) | 16.7 ± 10.3 | 15.5 ± 10.1 | 26.3 ± 20.6 | 15.3 ± 7.5 | ns |
F− (mg/L) | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | *** |
Cl− (mg/L) | 929 ± 536 | 470 ± 375 | 294 ± 121 | 807 ± 705 | *** |
SO42− (mg/L) | 346 ± 333 | 300 ± 235 | 216 ± 115 | 558 ± 488 | ns |
Chl.a (mg/L) | 31 ± 21 | 27 ± 14 | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 32 ± 26 | *** |
Month | Zooplankton | Phytoplankton | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
January | Nauplius | Cyclotella comensis Grun. | 9 |
Nauplius | Synedra acusvar | 10 | |
Nauplius | Synedra ulna | 10 | |
April | Alona costata | Merismopedia sinica | 9 |
Nauplius | Merismopedia sinica | 10 | |
Nauplius | Synedra acusvar | 9 | |
July | Nauplius | Pediastrum boryanum | 9 |
Nauplius | Dactylococcopsis | 9 | |
Nauplius | Merismopedia sinica | 11 | |
Brachionus angularis | Merismopedia sinica | 9 | |
October | Nauplius | Cyclotella comensis Grun. | 9 |
Nauplius | Oithona tenuis | 9 | |
Nauplius | Merismopedia sinica | 10 | |
Alona guttata | Cyclotella comensis Grun. | 9 | |
Alona guttata | Merismopedia sinica | 9 |
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Meng, J.; Zhao, R.; Qiu, X.; Liu, S. Nested Patterns of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton and Seasonal Characteristics of Their Mutualistic Networks: A Case Study of the Upstream Section of the Diannong River in Yinchuan City, China. Water 2023, 15, 4265. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15244265
Meng J, Zhao R, Qiu X, Liu S. Nested Patterns of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton and Seasonal Characteristics of Their Mutualistic Networks: A Case Study of the Upstream Section of the Diannong River in Yinchuan City, China. Water. 2023; 15(24):4265. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15244265
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Junjie, Ruizhi Zhao, Xiaocong Qiu, and Shuangyu Liu. 2023. "Nested Patterns of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton and Seasonal Characteristics of Their Mutualistic Networks: A Case Study of the Upstream Section of the Diannong River in Yinchuan City, China" Water 15, no. 24: 4265. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15244265