Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Sediments and of Ecological Risk by Quality Indices, Applying a Case Study: The Lower Danube River, Romania
<p>Sampling Stations along the lower Danube River.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Spatial distribution of the <span class="html-italic">Igeo</span> for Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn in the autumn of 2018 and the spring of 2019.</p> "> Figure 2 Cont.
<p>Spatial distribution of the <span class="html-italic">Igeo</span> for Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn in the autumn of 2018 and the spring of 2019.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Spatial distribution of the <span class="html-italic">PLI</span> in the autumn of 2018 and the spring of 2019.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The PCA plot of seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Spatial distribution of the <span class="html-italic">RI</span> in the autumn of 2018 and the spring of 2019.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Methods for Assessing Anthropogenic Contributions to Heavy Metal Sediment Pollution
2.3.1. Calculation of the Geo–Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.3.2. Calculation of the Contamination Factor (CF)
2.3.3. Calculation of the Pollution Load Index (PLI)
2.4. Method for Assessing the Potential Risks of Heavy Metals
Calculation of Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Geo–Accumulation Index (Igeo)
3.2. Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI)
3.3. Spatial Distribution of Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | R2 |
---|---|
Pb | 0.9997 |
Cu | 0.9998 |
Cd | 0.9997 |
Zn | 0.9999 |
Ni | 0.9998 |
Igeo Value | Class | Pollution Intensity |
---|---|---|
Igeo ≤ 0 | 0 | unpolluted |
0 < Igeo < 1 | 1 | unpolluted to moderately polluted |
1 < Igeo < 2 | 2 | moderately polluted |
2 < Igeo < 3 | 3 | moderately to strongly polluted |
3 < Igeo < 4 | 4 | strongly polluted |
4 < Igeo < 5 | 5 | strongly to very strongly polluted |
Igeo ≥ 5 | 6 | very strongly polluted |
CF Value | Contamination |
---|---|
CF < 1 | Low |
1 ≤ CF < 3 | Moderate |
3 ≤ CF < 6 | Considerable |
CF > 6 | Very high |
ErMe Value | RI Value | Ecological Risk Level |
---|---|---|
ErMe ≤ 40 | RI < 150 | Low |
40 < ErMe ≤ 80 | 150 ≤ RI < 300 | Moderate |
80 < ErMe ≤ 160 | 300 ≤ RI < 600 | Considerable |
160 < ErMe ≤ 320 | High | |
ErMe > 320 | RI ≥ 600 | Very high |
Heavy Metal | Standard Value (mg·kg−1) |
---|---|
Cd | 0.8 |
Cu | 40 |
Pb | 85 |
Zn | 150 |
Ni | 35 |
Sites | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | S13 | S14 | S15 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy metal concentrations (mg·kg−1) | Pb | Autumn | Mean | 5.90 | 8.96 | 12.57 | 8.49 | 7.93 | 5.17 | 7.28 | 21.14 | 4.84 | 7.55 | 7.83 | 6.84 | 8.29 | 8.11 | 5.34 |
Std.dev | 0.15 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 1.60 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.38 | |||
Spring | Mean | 6.02 | 6.05 | 13.78 | 6.41 | 5.70 | 4.17 | 5.68 | 10.35 | 4.31 | 8.33 | 14.64 | 9.87 | 9.90 | 6.76 | 8.01 | ||
Std.dev | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.52 | |||
Cu | Autumn | Mean | 4.30 | 10.72 | 17.39 | 12.58 | 12.54 | 7.60 | 11.81 | 10.24 | 7.89 | 13.42 | 6.68 | 9.79 | 16.64 | 15.17 | 9.42 | |
Std.dev | 0.11 | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 1.06 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.27 | |||
Spring | Mean | 10.31 | 11.65 | 25.01 | 8.97 | 10.08 | 7.55 | 7.47 | 19.47 | 9.29 | 17.18 | 27.50 | 20.75 | 23.29 | 9.29 | 10.07 | ||
Std.dev | 0.80 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 1.11 | 0.88 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.66 | |||
Cd | Autumn | Mean | 0.30 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.53 | |
Std.dev | 0.006 | 0.025 | 0.053 | 0.016 | 0.044 | 0.012 | 0.028 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.044 | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.019 | |||
Spring | Mean | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.99 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.78 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.48 | 0.52 | ||
Std.dev | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.032 | 0.04 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 0.019 | 0.029 | 0.035 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.027 | 0.038 | |||
Zn | Autumn | Mean | 58.84 | 118.54 | 120.76 | 87.43 | 84.15 | 62.39 | 84.65 | 77.64 | 64.48 | 146.23 | 85.40 | 96.11 | 121.38 | 117.01 | 69.97 | |
Std.dev | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.32 | 0.98 | 1.46 | 1.55 | 1.68 | 1.32 | 1.08 | 1.56 | 0.98 | 1.44 | 1.39 | 1.70 | 1.03 | |||
Spring | Mean | 78.69 | 84.21 | 177.33 | 73.57 | 95.67 | 71.27 | 63.21 | 131.50 | 66.06 | 121.05 | 161.24 | 146.53 | 154.34 | 81.26 | 86.43 | ||
Std.dev | 0.78 | 1.22 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.33 | 1.62 | 1.39 | 0.85 | 0.52 | 1.31 | 0.99 | 1.63 | 1.28 | 1.75 | 1.08 | |||
Ni | Autumn | Mean | 16.03 | 29.12 | 27.88 | 22.31 | 20.53 | 14.00 | 19.99 | 22.09 | 16.28 | 23.90 | 24.83 | 24.76 | 28.35 | 38.81 | 16.94 | |
Std.dev | 0.96 | 1.69 | 0.98 | 1.77 | 1.32 | 1.24 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 1.37 | 1.54 | 1.80 | 1.30 | 1.96 | 1.33 | 1.04 | |||
Spring | Mean | 20.17 | 19.33 | 35.80 | 16.04 | 24.58 | 19.09 | 17.65 | 28.49 | 17.40 | 27.41 | 50.46 | 32.55 | 39.03 | 25.85 | 28.13 | ||
Std.dev | 0.85 | 0.98 | 1.32 | 0.96 | 0.58 | 1.36 | 1.26 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 1.63 | 1.82 | 0.96 | 1.22 | 1.14 | 0.85 |
Sites | Metals | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cu | Cd | Zn | Ni | ||||||
Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | |
S1 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 1.22 | 2.36 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 1.60 | 2.02 |
S2 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 2.37 | 2.58 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 2.91 | 1.93 |
S3 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 2.96 | 3.96 | 0.93 | 1.36 | 2.79 | 3.58 |
S4 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 1.99 | 2.50 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 2.23 | 1.60 |
S5 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 2.00 | 2.26 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 2.05 | 2.46 |
S6 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 1.84 | 1.65 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 1.40 | 1.91 |
S7 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 2.29 | 1.83 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 2.00 | 1.77 |
S8 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.56 | 2.18 | 3.12 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 2.21 | 2.85 |
S9 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 2.15 | 1.83 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 1.63 | 1.74 |
S10 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 3.02 | 2.59 | 1.12 | 0.93 | 2.39 | 2.74 |
S11 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 0.66 | 1.24 | 2.48 | 5.05 |
S12 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 2.52 | 3.09 | 0.74 | 1.13 | 2.48 | 3.26 |
S13 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 2.99 | 3.29 | 0.93 | 1.19 | 2.84 | 3.90 |
S14 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 2.30 | 1.90 | 0.90 | 0.63 | 3.88 | 2.59 |
S15 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 2.13 | 2.08 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 1.69 | 2.81 |
Hydrometric Stations | Qm (m3 s−1) | |
---|---|---|
Autumn of 2018 | Spring of 2019 | |
Brăila (km 170) | 3220 | 6263 |
Galați (km 150) | 3677 | 6803 |
Isaccea (km 103) | 3127 | 6673 |
Tulcea (km 71) | 1627 | 3443 |
Average flow | 2913 | 5796 |
Sites | Metals | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cu | Cd | Zn | Ni | ||||||
Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | Spring | |
S1 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 1.29 | 11.43 | 22.11 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 2.29 | 2.88 |
S2 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 1.34 | 1.46 | 22.19 | 24.21 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 4.16 | 2.76 |
S3 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 2.17 | 3.13 | 27.75 | 37.15 | 0.81 | 1.18 | 3.98 | 5.11 |
S4 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 1.57 | 1.12 | 18.65 | 23.44 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 3.19 | 2.29 |
S5 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 1.57 | 1.26 | 18.76 | 21.20 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 2.93 | 3.51 |
S6 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 17.28 | 15.49 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 2.00 | 2.73 |
S7 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 1.48 | 0.93 | 21.49 | 17.13 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 2.86 | 2.52 |
S8 | 1.24 | 0.61 | 1.28 | 2.43 | 20.42 | 29.23 | 0.52 | 0.88 | 3.16 | 4.07 |
S9 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.99 | 1.16 | 20.14 | 17.19 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 2.33 | 2.49 |
S10 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 1.68 | 2.15 | 28.33 | 24.24 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 3.41 | 3.92 |
S11 | 0.46 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 3.44 | 19.80 | 26.91 | 0.57 | 1.07 | 3.55 | 7.21 |
S12 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 1.22 | 2.59 | 23.62 | 28.92 | 0.64 | 0.98 | 3.54 | 4.65 |
S13 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 2.08 | 2.91 | 28.07 | 30.86 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 4.05 | 5.58 |
S14 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 1.90 | 1.16 | 21.55 | 17.84 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 5.54 | 3.69 |
S15 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 19.99 | 19.45 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 2.42 | 4.02 |
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Calmuc, V.A.; Calmuc, M.; Arseni, M.; Topa, C.M.; Timofti, M.; Burada, A.; Iticescu, C.; Georgescu, L.P. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Sediments and of Ecological Risk by Quality Indices, Applying a Case Study: The Lower Danube River, Romania. Water 2021, 13, 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131801
Calmuc VA, Calmuc M, Arseni M, Topa CM, Timofti M, Burada A, Iticescu C, Georgescu LP. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Sediments and of Ecological Risk by Quality Indices, Applying a Case Study: The Lower Danube River, Romania. Water. 2021; 13(13):1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131801
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalmuc, Valentina Andreea, Madalina Calmuc, Maxim Arseni, Catalina Maria Topa, Mihaela Timofti, Adrian Burada, Catalina Iticescu, and Lucian P. Georgescu. 2021. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Sediments and of Ecological Risk by Quality Indices, Applying a Case Study: The Lower Danube River, Romania" Water 13, no. 13: 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131801