The Influence of Karst Aquifer Mineralogy and Geochemistry on Groundwater Characteristics: West Bank, Palestine
"> Figure 1
<p>Location of the study area.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Geology map of the study area [<a href="#B12-water-10-01829" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The hydrogeological setting of the Western Aquifer Basin (WAB) aquifer [<a href="#B12-water-10-01829" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Lithostratigraphy column of the WAB [<a href="#B12-water-10-01829" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>X-ray diffractograms. Different peak positions and heights display changes in mineralogical composition. (<b>a</b>) Calcite (C) rock samples (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 11); (<b>b</b>) Dolomite (D) rock samples (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 9).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>North American Shale Composite (NASC) normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the rock samples of the study area.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Piper diagram of the spring water samples in the study area (data from [<a href="#B4-water-10-01829" class="html-bibr">4</a>]).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Gibbs graphs of the spring water sample: (<b>a</b>) cations; (<b>b</b>) anions (data from [<a href="#B4-water-10-01829" class="html-bibr">4</a>]).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Dendrogram resulting from the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in Q-mode applied to rock samples; classification is based on major and trace elements (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 55). (<b>b</b>) Dendrogram resulting from the HCA in Q-mode applied to groundwater samples; classification is based on major and trace elements (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 20). The blue group represents the calcite dissolution, and the orange group represents the dolomite dissolution.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Description
Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
- Lower aquifer: Albian-age Beit Kahil formation with 340-m thickness. This formation is found in many places in the north and the middle of the West Bank.
- Separating layer: Cenomanian-age Yatta formation with an average thickness of about 110 m.
- Upper aquifer: Turonian-age Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Hebron formations with an average thickness of 150 m.
2.2. Sampling and Laboratory Analysis of Sediment
2.3. Hydrochemical Analysis
2.4. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mineralogical Characterization
3.2. Geochemistry
3.3. Rare Earth Elements
3.4. Hydrochemistry
3.4.1. Carbonate Weathering and Dissolution
3.4.2. Major Ion Chemistry
3.4.3. Trace Elements in Groundwater
3.5. Statistical Analysis
3.5.1. Correlation Matrix
3.5.2. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample (ID) | Calcite (C) ≈ wt. % | Dolomite (D) ≈ wt. % | Quartz (Q) ≈ wt. % | Feldspar ≈ (Kf) | Spyrite wt. % | Stotal wt. % | Cinorg wt. % | Ctotal wt. % | Aquifer | Formation | Sub-Formation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/085 | 94 | 4 | 2 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 10.8 | 11.4 | Lower Cenomanian | Bethlehem | Lower |
BA/085A | n.d. | 100 | <1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.1 | 12.8 | Lower Cenomanian | Yatta | Lower |
BA/108 | <1 | 100 | <<1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.5 | 12.9 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK2 |
BA/109 | n.d. | 97 | 1 | 2 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 11.1 | 11.5 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK2 |
BA/110 | n.d. | 100 | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.5 | 13.1 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK2 |
BA/111 | 99 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 11.9 | 12.1 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK1 |
BA/112 | 100 | <1 | n.d. | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.05 | 11.1 | 12.1 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK1 |
BA/117 | n.d. | 98 | 2 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.9 | 14.0 | Lower Cenomanian | Yatta | Lower |
BA/121 | n.d. | 100 | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 12.1 | 13.0 | Lower Cenomanian | Yatta | Lower |
BA/122 | 100 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 11.7 | 12.1 | Lower Cenomanian | Bethlehem | Lower |
BA/163 | 82 | 18 | n.d. | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 11.8 | 12.3 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK1 |
BA/164 | 100 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 11.7 | 12.1 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK1 |
BA/170 | 99 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.06 | 9.70 | 10.5 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK1 |
BA/171 | 100 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.04 | 11.5 | 12.2 | Al bain | Lower Beit Kahil | UBK2 |
BA/172 | 98 | n.d. | 2 | 1 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 10.9 | 11.4 | Al bain | Ein Qinya | - |
NS/041 | 5 | 95 | n.d. | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.1 | 13.0 | Lower Cenomanian | Yatta | Lower |
NS/007 | n.d. | 98 | 2 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 10.8 | 10.9 | Lower Cenomanian | Bethlehem | Upper |
NS/045 | 100 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.05 | 11.3 | 11.6 | Al bain | Ein Qinya | - |
Ns/02 | 100 | n.d. | 1 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.02 | 11.4 | 12.1 | Upper Cenomanian | Bethlehem | Upper |
Ns/01 | n.d. | 96 | 4 | n.d. | <0.01 | 0.05 | 11.8 | 12.3 | Upper Cenomanian | Bethlehem | Upper |
Elements (ppm) | Unit | Dolomite Aquifers (n = 9) | Calcite Aquifers (n = 11) | Upper Crust | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | St dev | Min | Max | Mean | St dev | [27] | ||
Au | ppb | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0 | 1.8 |
Ag | ppm | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.051 | 0.002 | 0.05 |
Cu | ppm | 0.90 | 8.10 | 3.80 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 53.9 | 8.78 | 15.1 | 25 |
Cd | ppm | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
Mo | ppm | 1.0 | 7.0 | 1.70 | 1.90 | 1 | 1.60 | 1.06 | 0.18 | 1.50 |
Pb | ppm | 0.50 | 1.20 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 1.90 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 20.0 |
Ni | ppm | 0.50 | 10.3 | 2.90 | 3.20 | 0.50 | 9.90 | 3.08 | 3.11 | 20.0 |
Zn | ppm | 2.30 | 7.90 | 4.34 | 2.10 | 1.70 | 28.4 | 9.37 | 9.27 | 71.0 |
Al | wt. % | 0.06 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.9 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 8.04 |
As | ppm | 0.5 | 5.9 | 1.66 | 1.89 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.77 | 0.93 | 1.5 |
Ba | ppm | 3 | 32 | 8.55 | 9.05 | 2 | 12 | 6.81 | 3.42 | 550 |
Be | ppm | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.124 | 0.03 | 3.0 |
Bi | ppm | 0.1 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.108 | 0.021 | 0.127 |
Ca | wt. % | 16.3 | 19.4 | 17.9 | 0.83 | 28.1 | 31.3 | 29.7 | 1.05 | 3.0 |
Co | ppm | 2.2 | 6 | 3.55 | 1.13 | 1.3 | 7.7 | 3.47 | 2.28 | 16.0 |
Cr | ppm | 3 | 10 | 5.11 | 2.71 | 4 | 23 | 10.09 | 6.23 | 80.3 |
Cs | ppm | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 0.20 | 0.146 | 3.7 |
Fe | wt. % | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 3.5 |
Hf | ppm | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.166 | 0.164 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 5.8 |
Ga | ppm | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.92 | 0.68 | 17 |
Ge | ppm | 0.1 | 0.16 | 0.106 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1.6 |
In | ppm | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.003 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Ir | ppb | 5 | 5.1 | 5.01 | 0.03 | 5 | 5.9 | 5.19 | 0.33 | 0. 2 |
K | wt. % | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 2.80 |
Li | ppm | 1.6 | 14.9 | 4.67 | 3.96 | 0.5 | 7.2 | 2.73 | 2.07 | 20.0 |
Mg | wt. % | 9.66 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 1.96 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 1.33 |
Mn | ppm | 31 | 367 | 85 | 106.3 | 17 | 134 | 82.2 | 40.6 | 600 |
Nb | ppm | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.50 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.85 | 0.59 | 25.0 |
Na | wt. % | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.019 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.006 | 2.89 |
P | wt. % | 0.002 | 0.055 | 0.011 | 0.116 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.07 |
Rb | ppm | 0.7 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 2.74 | 0.5 | 12.5 | 4.49 | 3.65 | 112 |
Sb | ppm | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.2 |
Se | ppm | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 50.0 |
Sr | ppm | 53.3 | 112 | 76.1 | 15.7 | 16.9 | 330 | 160.5 | 87.1 | 350 |
V | ppm | 5 | 21 | 10.1 | 5.39 | 3 | 23 | 12.4 | 6.20 | 60.0 |
U | ppm | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.58 | 0.53 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 1.66 | 0.92 | 2.8 |
W | ppm | 12 | 35 | 18.6 | 8.87 | 5 | 37 | 10.8 | 8.82 | 2.0 |
Y | ppm | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.81 | 0.57 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 1.50 | 0.98 | 22 |
Zr | ppm | 1 | 22 | 4.89 | 6.64 | 3 | 16 | 7.36 | 4.90 | 190 |
Elements (ppm) | BA /085 | BA /085A | BA /108 | BA /109 | BA /110 | BA /111 | BA /112 | BA /117 | BA /121 | BA /122 | BA /163 | BA /164 | BA /170 | BA /171 | BA /172 | NS /041 | NS /007 | NS /045 | NS /02 | NS /01 | Upper Crust [27] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La | 1.70 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 2.70 | 0.40 | 1.40 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.60 | 4.30 | 0.30 | 3.40 | 0.50 | 1.20 | 2.0 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 30.0 |
Ce | 3.30 | 1.60 | 0.70 | 5.0 | 0.80 | 2.70 | 1.80 | 1.70 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 3.0 | 8.40 | 0.40 | 6.50 | 0.90 | 2.40 | 4.10 | 3.10 | 3.80 | 64.0 |
Pr | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 7.10 |
Nd | 1.70 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.60 | 4.30 | 0.20 | 3.50 | 0.40 | 1.10 | 2.10 | 1.50 | 2.0 | 26.0 |
Sm | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 4.50 |
Eu | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.88 |
Gd | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 3.80 |
Dy | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 3.50 |
Ho | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.80 |
Er | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 2.30 |
Tm | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
Yb | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 2.20 |
Lu | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.32 |
ΣREE | 8.46 | 4.25 | 2.55 | 13.21 | 2.55 | 6.97 | 4.95 | 4.25 | 3.45 | 3.35 | 4.35 | 8.28 | 21.81 | 1.85 | 17.37 | 2.75 | 6.15 | 10.92 | 7.88 | 10.2 | - |
ΣLREE | 7.76 | 3.65 | 1.95 | 11.91 | 1.95 | 6.27 | 4.25 | 3.65 | 2.85 | 2.75 | 3.75 | 7.28 | 19.81 | 1.25 | 15.77 | 2.15 | 5.45 | 9.72 | 7.08 | 9.0 | - |
ΣHREE | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 1.30 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.60 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 1.20 | - |
LREE/HREE | 11.0 | 6.08 | 3.25 | 9.16 | 3.25 | 8.95 | 6.07 | 6.08 | 4.75 | 4.58 | 6.25 | 7.28 | 9.90 | 2.08 | 9.85 | 3.58 | 7.78 | 8.1 | 8.85 | 7.5 | - |
ΣREE | 8.46 | 4.25 | 2.55 | 13.21 | 2.55 | 6.97 | 4.95 | 4.25 | 3.45 | 3.35 | 4.35 | 8.28 | 21.81 | 1.85 | 17.37 | 2.75 | 6.15 | 10.92 | 7.88 | 10.2 | - |
Ce/Ce∗ | 1.04 | 1.08 | 0.84 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.21 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.0 | 1.04 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | - |
Eu/Eu∗ | 0.60 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 0.67 | 1.52 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.07 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 1.52 | 0.74 | 1.52 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.76 | - |
(La/Yb)N | 11.5 | 6.11 | 3.39 | 9.17 | 2.71 | 9.51 | 6.11 | 5.43 | 4.75 | 4.07 | 5.43 | 10.8 | 9.73 | 2.03 | 11.5 | 3.39 | 8.15 | 6.79 | 10.8 | 6.11 | - |
(La/Gd)N | 4.75 | 7.55 | 4.19 | 4.53 | 3.35 | 3.91 | 3.77 | 6.71 | 5.87 | 5.03 | 3.35 | 3.35 | 4.51 | 2.51 | 4.07 | 4.14 | 5.03 | 3.35 | 6.71 | 3.77 | - |
Group | Major Composition | Common Impurities | Members |
---|---|---|---|
Calcite | CaCO3 | Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, Sr, Pb, Mg, Cu, Al, Ni, V, Cr, Mo | Gaspeite [Ni,Mg,Fe)CO3], magnesite [MgCO3], otavite [CdCO3], rhodochrosite [MnCO3], siderite [FeCO3], smithsonite [ZnCO3], spherocobaltite [CoCO3] |
Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 | Fe, Mn, Co, Pb, Zn | Ankerite [Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2], kutnohorite [Ca(Mn,Mg,Fe)(CO3)2], minrecordite [CaZn(CO3)2], norsethite [BaMg(CO3)2] |
Spring ID | Li | B | Al | Ba | TI | Pb | Bi | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Sr | Mo | Ag | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/085 | 1.37 | 60.8 | 6.17 | 36.3 | 0.032 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.23 | 176.1 | 0.13 | 2.26 | 1.3 | 18.28 | 124.4 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.008 |
BA/085A | 1.48 | 30.4 | 0.69 | 32.5 | 0.032 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 179.9 | 0.07 | 0.95 | 1.98 | 4.50 | 166.7 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.007 |
BA/108 | 0.76 | 26.3 | 5.51 | 13.3 | 0.032 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.2 | 97.2 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 3.30 | 84.40 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/109 | 1.25 | 32.6 | 2.48 | 19.1 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 2.41 | 0.66 | 129.5 | 0.17 | 3.9 | 1.32 | 12.2 | 94.21 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/110 | 1.41 | 30.8 | 2.06 | 29.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 106.8 | 0.09 | 2.07 | 0.36 | 2.11 | 100.7 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.008 |
BA/111 | 1.55 | 43.3 | 1.59 | 39.6 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.14 | 222.7 | 0.27 | 2.8 | 0.83 | 3.28 | 167.1 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.013 |
BA/112 | 0.91 | 27.2 | 0.69 | 13.4 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 105.1 | 0.06 | 5.82 | 0.54 | 4.33 | 85.44 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/117 | 0.43 | 23.6 | 22.3 | 15.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 144.4 | 0.09 | 1.89 | 0.51 | 2.31 | 83.44 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/121 | 0.93 | 28.5 | 11.1 | 20.07 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 1.78 | 0.64 | 140.1 | 0.11 | 2.42 | 0.82 | 3.50 | 131.6 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
BA/122 | 0.32 | 12.2 | 6.91 | 9.68 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 60.6 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 65.60 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/163 | 0.27 | 10.5 | 6.52 | 6.81 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 70.0 | 0.03 | 1.28 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 47.40 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
BA/164 | 1.61 | 26.5 | 17.3 | 14.8 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 26.7 | 104.6 | 0.28 | 1.48 | 0.45 | 3.19 | 124.0 | 1.01 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
BA/170 | 0.72 | 14.5 | 6.46 | 7.75 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 0.23 | 60.9 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 2.32 | 49.80 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
BA/171 | 1.18 | 34.8 | 22.07 | 14.5 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.44 | 19.6 | 89.7 | 0.18 | 6.07 | 0.66 | 3.07 | 63.90 | 1.13 | 0.16 | 0.03 |
BA/172 | 0.75 | 17.2 | 3.34 | 7.82 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.29 | 0.21 | 72.02 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.34 | 2.88 | 57.10 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
NS/041 | 0.81 | 19.7 | 17.04 | 12.2 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.24 | 0.25 | 63.2 | 0.06 | 0.9 | 0.34 | 3.006 | 59.70 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
NS/007 | 1.09 | 20.1 | 110.8 | 15.04 | 0.03 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 2.97 | 3.29 | 109.7 | 0.19 | 1.37 | 0.53 | 5.48 | 80.40 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.12 |
NS/045 | 0.71 | 13.6 | 75.4 | 8.83 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 2.78 | 0.50 | 78.8 | 0.12 | 1.16 | 0.38 | 5.27 | 54.90 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
Ns/02 | 0.87 | 25.0 | 22.9 | 24.8 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.67 | 0.30 | 112.7 | 0.11 | 1.21 | 0.8 | 3.71 | 101.8 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.03 |
Ns/01 | 1.03 | 31.5 | 11.1 | 18.4 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 1.44 | 0.28 | 98.4 | 0.16 | 1.82 | 0.98 | 3.38 | 81.17 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.03 |
MIN | 0.27 | 10.5 | 0.69 | 6.81 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0:04 | 60.6 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 47.39 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.007 |
MAX | 1.61 | 60.8 | 110.8 | 39.6 | 0.14 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 2.97 | 26.7 | 222.7 | 0.28 | 6.07 | 1.98 | 18.28 | 167.13 | 1.13 | 0.57 | 0.12 |
AV | 0.97 | 26.4 | 17.6 | 17.9 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 1.19 | 2.7 | 111 | 0.11 | 1.99 | 0.67 | 4.33 | 91.2 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.02 |
Mg | Ca | Li | B | Al | Ba | TI | Pb | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Cu | Zn | Sr | Mo | Ag | Cd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Ca | 0.80 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Li | 0.35 | 0.51 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
B | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Al | −0.40 | −0.35 | −0.07 | −0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Ba | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.82 | −0.23 | 1 | ||||||||||||
TI | −0.05 | 0.17 | −0.14 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 1 | |||||||||||
Pb | −0.56 | −0.59 | −0.01 | −0.28 | 0.79 | −0.38 | 0.01 | 1 | ||||||||||
Cr | −0.26 | −0.32 | 0.16 | −0.13 | 0.71 | −0.16 | −0.01 | 0.80 | 1 | |||||||||
Mn | −0.34 | −0.22 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 1 | ||||||||
Fe | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.75 | −0.15 | 0.88 | 0.14 | −0.36 | −0.09 | −0.09 | 1 | |||||||
Co | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.70 | 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.42 | −0.06 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 1 | ||||||
Cu | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.64 | −0.20 | 0.67 | −0.02 | −0.20 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 1 | |||||
Zn | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.45 | −0.19 | 0.0 | 0.20 | −0.08 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 1 | ||||
Sr | 0.57 | 0.87 | 0.73 | 0.65 | −0.24 | 0.86 | 0.24 | −0.34 | −0.14 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.28 | 1 | |||
Mo | −0.55 | −0.53 | 0.18 | −0.15 | 0.40 | −0.34 | −0.20 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.79 | −0.35 | 0.42 | −0.24 | −0.13 | −0.27 | 1 | ||
Ag | −0.24 | −0.41 | −0.08 | −0.21 | 0.69 | −0.15 | −0.13 | 0.72 | 0.66 | −0.06 | −0.23 | 0.18 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.27 | 0.35 | 1 | |
Cd | −0.47 | −0.44 | −0.04 | −0.32 | 0.95 | −0.29 | −0.02 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.11 | −0.24 | 0.25 | −0.22 | −0.01 | −0.28 | 0.48 | 0.75 | 1 |
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Jebreen, H.; Banning, A.; Wohnlich, S.; Niedermayr, A.; Ghanem, M.; Wisotzky, F. The Influence of Karst Aquifer Mineralogy and Geochemistry on Groundwater Characteristics: West Bank, Palestine. Water 2018, 10, 1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121829
Jebreen H, Banning A, Wohnlich S, Niedermayr A, Ghanem M, Wisotzky F. The Influence of Karst Aquifer Mineralogy and Geochemistry on Groundwater Characteristics: West Bank, Palestine. Water. 2018; 10(12):1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121829
Chicago/Turabian StyleJebreen, Hassan, Andre Banning, Stefan Wohnlich, Andrea Niedermayr, Marwan Ghanem, and Frank Wisotzky. 2018. "The Influence of Karst Aquifer Mineralogy and Geochemistry on Groundwater Characteristics: West Bank, Palestine" Water 10, no. 12: 1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121829