Modeling, Simulation and Control Strategy Optimization of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle
<p>Toyota Mirai FCHEV configuration [<a href="#B30-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Electric machine efficiency map [<a href="#B35-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Fuel cell system characteristics [<a href="#B28-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">28</a>]: (<b>a</b>) FC stack efficiency, (<b>b</b>) FC system efficiency, (<b>c</b>) hydrogen flow, and (<b>d</b>) polarization curve.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Battery equivalent circuit.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The dependence of battery parameters on SOC [<a href="#B38-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">38</a>]: (<b>a</b>) open circuit voltage, (<b>b</b>) charging resistance, and (<b>c</b>) discharging resistance.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Energy management strategy: (<b>a</b>) Experimental working points on WLTC (3-D view) [<a href="#B28-vehicles-05-00026" class="html-bibr">28</a>], (<b>b</b>) experimental working points on WLTC (planar projection), and (<b>c</b>) reconstructed rule-based EMS.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Simulation results with rule-based control strategy for WLTC driving cycle: Fuel cell parameters.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Simulation results with rule-based control strategy for WLTC driving cycle: Battery parameters.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Simulation results for WLTC driving cycle with ECMS.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Fuel cell system efficiency for UDDS driving cycle.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Vehicle Dynamics Subsystem
2.2. Speed Reducer Subsystem
2.3. Electric Machine Subsystem
2.4. Fuel Cell System Model
2.5. Battery Model
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Type | - | Air-cooled Nickel Metal Hydride |
Nominal capacity | kWh | 1.6 |
Nominal voltage | V | 245 |
Capacity | Ah | 6.5 |
Number of series connections | - | 34 |
Number of parallel connections | - | 1 |
2.6. Boost Converter and Inverter Model
2.7. Energy Management Strategy (EMS) Model
3. Simulation Results with Rule-Based Control Strategy
4. Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy
4.1. ECMS Modeling Methodology
4.2. Simulation Results with ECMS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FCHEV | Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle |
FCEV | Fuel cell electric vehicle |
ECMS | Equivalent consumption minimization strategy |
ANL | Argonne national laboratory |
ICE | Internal combustion engine |
FC | Fuel cell |
BEV | Battery electric vehicle |
EMS | Energy management strategy |
SOC | State of charge |
HEV | Hybrid electric vehicle |
UDDS | Urban dynamometer driving schedule |
WLTC | Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles |
NEDC | New European Driving Cycle |
EM | Electric machine |
NiMH | Nickel Metal Hydride |
OCV | Open circuit voltage |
LHV | Lower heating value |
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Parameters | Label | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Vehicle total mass | M | kg | 1927 |
Aerodynamic drag coefficient | - | 0.29 | |
Air density | kg/m | 1.2 | |
Vehicle frontal area | m | 2.23 | |
Rolling resistance coefficient | - | 0.01 | |
Wheel radius | m | 0.316 | |
Wheel inertia | kgm | 0.32 | |
Reduction ratio | - | 9.09 | |
Speed reducer efficiency | - | 0.98 | |
Auxiliary power | W | 440 |
Hydrogen Consumption [g] | SOC [%] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drive Cycle | Simulation | SOC Compensation | Total | Experimental | Difference | Simulation | Experimental | Difference |
WLTC | 197 | 0.7 | 197.7 | 196.8 | 0.5% | 63.29 | 62.5 | 1% |
NEDC | 175 | 2.8 | 177.8 | 160.3 | 10.9% | 65.62 | 62.5 | 5% |
UDDS | 91.4 | −1.5 | 89.9 | 76.19 | 18.1% | 57.37 | 59 | 3% |
JC08 | 62.5 | −5.6 | 56.9 | 53.3 | 6.7% | 53.31 | 59.5 | 10% |
US06 | 296 | 5.2 | 301.2 | 323 | 6.8% | 62.74 | 57 | 10% |
HWY | 201.6 | 3.1 | 204.7 | 243.9 | 16.1% | 62 | 58.5 | 6% |
Parameters | Label | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Desired state of charge | % | 60 | |
Maximum state of charge | % | 70 | |
Minimum state of charge | % | 45 | |
Power coefficient | - | 3 | |
Battery charging efficiency | - | 0.9 | |
Battery discharging efficiency | - | 0.9 | |
DC boost converter efficiency | - | 0.95 | |
Hydrogen lower heating value | LHV | MJ/kg | 120 |
Fuel cell minimum power | kW | 0 | |
Fuel cell maximum power | kW | 113 | |
Battery minimum power | kW | −20 | |
Battery maximum power | kW | 20 |
Hydrogen Consumption [g] | SOC [%] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drive Cycle | SIM (ECMS) | SOC Compensation | ECMS Total | Rule-Based Total | EXP | Economy (ECMS and Rule-Based) | Economy (ECMS and EXP) | SIM (Rule-Based) | EXP | SIM (ECMS) |
WLTC | 180.4 | -13.4 | 166.8 | 197.7 | 197 | −15.6% | −15.2% | 63.29 | 62.5 | 47.39 |
NEDC | 167.5 | -5 | 162.6 | 177.8 | 160 | −8.6% | +1.4% | 65.62 | 62.5 | 57 |
UDDS | 90.36 | -0.7 | 89.6 | 89.9 | 76.2 | −0.4% | +17.6% | 57.37 | 59 | 58.17 |
JC08 | 61.27 | -0.7 | 60.6 | 62.8 | 53.3 | −3.6% | +13.6% | 59.89 | 59.5 | 58.72 |
US06 | 272.6 | -6.2 | 266.4 | 301.2 | 323 | −11.5% | −17.5% | 62.74 | 57 | 50.15 |
HWY | 197.4 | -1.3 | 196.1 | 204.7 | 244 | −4.2% | −19.6% | 62 | 58.5 | 57.02 |
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Usmanov, U.; Ruzimov, S.; Tonoli, A.; Mukhitdinov, A. Modeling, Simulation and Control Strategy Optimization of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Vehicles 2023, 5, 464-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5020026
Usmanov U, Ruzimov S, Tonoli A, Mukhitdinov A. Modeling, Simulation and Control Strategy Optimization of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Vehicles. 2023; 5(2):464-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5020026
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsmanov, Umidjon, Sanjarbek Ruzimov, Andrea Tonoli, and Akmal Mukhitdinov. 2023. "Modeling, Simulation and Control Strategy Optimization of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle" Vehicles 5, no. 2: 464-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5020026