The Emerging Role of miRNAs in HTLV-1 Infection and ATLL Pathogenesis
<p>Human T-cell leukemia virus HTLV-1 interferes with cellular miRNA machinery. MiRNAs are transcribed by the RNA polymerase II or III into the nucleus as primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) from coding or non-coding part of genes. The nuclear RNase III Drosha recognized and processed pri-miRNAs into a hairpin-shaped RNA, named precursor miRNAs. Pre-miRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm by Exportin 5, and processed by the cytoplasmic RNase III Dicer in the mature miRNA duplex. The duplex forms a complex named RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). MiRNAs bind complementary sequences usually localized at 3′UTR of messenger RNA and this binding results in the inhibition of translation and/or messenger RNA degradation. HTLV-1 deregulates the cellular miRNA pathway by suppressing the function of Drosha and Dicer. Tax directly interacts with Drosha and the binding leads to Drosha degradation mediated by proteasome complex. The regulatory protein, Rex, is reported to directly interact with Dicer. Rex suppresses the ribonuclease-directed processing activity of Dicer, protecting against the cleavage Rex-mRNA.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>MiR-28-3p targets the HTLV-1 genome. The figure illustrates a natural feedback loop that regulated cellular miRNA expression in response to virus infection. MiR-28-3p suppresses HTLV-1 expression by targeting a sequence localized within the viral gag/pol HTLV-1 sequence. MiR-28-3p expression leads to abortive infection by inhibiting HTLV-1 reverse transcription and preventing the formation of the pre-integration complex.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>MiRNAs promote cell proliferation. MiR-155 and miR-146a were found elevated in HTLV-1-infected cells <span class="html-italic">in vitro.</span> Tax induces the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, which promote miR-155 expression by binding the miRNA promoter. This binding resulted in an increased expression of the B-cell integration cluster (BIC) gene whose transcript is processed into miR-155. The interferon regulatory factor-4, IRF4, which is induced in HTLV-1-infected cells, promotes BIC/miR-155 expression. NF-κB also mediates miR-146a transactivation; both miRNAs enhance cellular growth in HTLV-1-infected cells. MiR-150 and miR-223 are differentially regulated in ATLL samples and in HTLV-1-transformed cells. MiR-150 and miR-223 were found upregulated in acute ATLL patients and downregulated in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. MiR-150 and miR-223 target the STAT1 3′UTR. Inhibition of STAT1 expression, through miR-150, miR-223 reduced proliferation of HTLV-1-transformed and ATLL-derived cell lines. MiR-150 and miR-223, by decreasing STAT1 expression and dampening STAT1-dependent signaling in human T cells, regulated proliferation in an HTLV-1 context.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>MiRNAs induce resistance to apoptosis. MiR-31 is one of the most profoundly repressed miRNAs in primary ATLL cells. The Polycomb protein complex is overexpressed in ATLL cells and suppresses miR-31 expression. MiR-31 negatively regulates NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and leads to apoptosis resistance. MiR-130b and miR-93 are upregulated in HTLV-1 cell lines and ATLL patients and both target Tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein (TP53INP1). TP53INP1 is a tumor suppressor gene that has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities via both p53-dependent and p53-independent means. TP53INP1 has in its 3′ UTR two binding sites for miR-93 and two sites for miR-130b.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>MiR-149 and miR-873 promote chromatin remodeling. The Tax protein promotes HTLV-1 gene expression by its interaction with the long terminal repeat (LTR) or U3 region of the viral promoter. To activate the transcription, Tax recruits the p300/CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP) and p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF), which bind two different regions of Tax, resulting in histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling. MiR-149 and miR-873 are downregulated in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines and target the chromatin remodeling factors p300 and p/CAF.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>MiRNAs induce genetic instability. MiR-17 and miR-21 are upregulated in an HTLV-1 context. HBZ inactivates OBFC2A via miR-17 and miR-21, promoting genetic instability and cell proliferation. OBFC2A encodes for hSSB2, which is involved in the ATM signaling pathway, the activation of the cell cycle checkpoint and promotes DNA repair.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MiRNA Biogenesis
3. MiRNA Profile in HTLV-1-Transformed Cell Lines and ATLL Patients
4. HTLV-1 Interferes with Cellular miRNA Machinery
5. MiRNAs Target the HTLV-1 Genome
6. MiRNAs Promote Cell Proliferation
6.1. MiR-146a
6.2. MiR-155
6.3. MiR-150 and MiR-223
7. MiRNAs Induce Resistance to Apoptosis
7.1. MiR-31
7.2. MiR-130b and MiR-93
8. MiRNAs Promote Chromatin Remodeling
9. MiRNAs Induce Genetic Instability
10. Conclusions and Prospective
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Moles, R.; Nicot, C. The Emerging Role of miRNAs in HTLV-1 Infection and ATLL Pathogenesis. Viruses 2015, 7, 4047-4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072805
Moles R, Nicot C. The Emerging Role of miRNAs in HTLV-1 Infection and ATLL Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2015; 7(7):4047-4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072805
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoles, Ramona, and Christophe Nicot. 2015. "The Emerging Role of miRNAs in HTLV-1 Infection and ATLL Pathogenesis" Viruses 7, no. 7: 4047-4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072805