The Emerging Fusarium graminearum NA3 Population Produces High Levels of Mycotoxins in Wheat and Barley
<p>Comparison of initial infection and fungal biomass in moderately resistant wheat cv. Alsen. Alsen spikes were immersed in conidia suspensions (50 mL, 10<sup>4</sup> conidia/mL) of different strains. Percentage of disease was calculated by counting the number of symptomatic spikelets (<b>left</b>), and relative biomass was determined by qPCR (<b>right</b>). Three experimental replicates are shown by independent analysis. Disease severity from experiment (<b>A</b>) was analyzed at 4 days post-infection (dpi) and 7 dpi, and biomass was determined in 7 dpi tissues. Disease severity from experiments (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) were analyzed at 4 dpi for disease and fungal biomass. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 5; <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Greater amounts of trichothecene mycotoxin were detected in wheat cv. Alsen inoculated with <span class="html-italic">Fusarium graminearum</span> population NA3 than with NA1 and NA2. Toxin contents analyzed per plant biomass (<b>left</b>) and per fungal biomass (<b>right</b>) for three experimental replicates are shown as three independent experiments (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>). Toxin content for experiment (<b>A</b>) was determined in 7-dpi tissues, while experiments (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) were analyzed at 4 dpi. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 5; <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>NX-3 is dispensable in the initial infection of barley. Whole spikes of barley cv. Voyager were immersed in conidia suspensions (50 mL, 10<sup>5</sup> conidia/mL) of 44211 and its mutants 44211∆<span class="html-italic">tri5</span>-3 and -19. (<b>A</b>), FHB severity was evaluated at 7 and 10 dpi. Bars represent the mean percentages and standard errors of twelve inoculated spikes for each strain. Different letters indicate a significant difference; (<b>B</b>), NX-3 was measured from inoculated wheat spikes at 10 dpi. Bars represent the means and standard errors of NX-3 levels. Means at each time point were analyzed independently and compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer HSD (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 12 for disease; <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6 for NX-3 content). Different letters indicate significant difference at the <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 level.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of initial infection and fungal biomass in barley cv. Voyager inoculated with different <span class="html-italic">Fusarium graminearum</span> populations. Whole spikes of barley cv. Voyager were immersed in conidia suspensions (50 mL, 10<sup>5</sup> conidia/mL) of different strains. The percentage of disease (<b>left</b>) and relative biomass (<b>right</b>) for two experimental replicates are shown as two independent experiments (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>). Each population (NA1, NA2, NA3) is represented by five strains (<a href="#toxins-16-00408-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 5; <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Greater amounts of trichothecene mycotoxin per fungal biomass were produced by the <span class="html-italic">Fusarium graminearum</span> NA3 population than NA1 and NA2 in barley cv. Voyager. Toxin contents analyzed per plant biomass (<b>left</b>) and per fungal biomass (<b>right</b>) for two experimental replicates are shown as two independent experiments (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>). Toxin production for all experiments was analyzed at 10 dpi. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 5; <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. No Effect of Fg Populations on Initial Infection in Wheat cv. Alsen
2.2. Significantly Higher Levels of NX-3 Toxin Detected in Wheat Spikes during Initial Infection
2.3. NX Toxin Is Not Involved in Barley Infection
2.4. NA1 Population Displays High Virulence during Infection of the Barley cv. Voyager
2.5. NA3 Population Produces Higher Levels of Toxin per Unit of Fungal Biomass in Barley Compared to NA1 and NA2 Populations
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Fusarium Strains and Cultivation
5.2. Cultivation of Wheat and Barley
5.3. FHB Virulence Assays
5.4. Fungal Biomass Quantification
5.5. Trichothecene Detection in Planta
5.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NRRL # | Alternate Name | Population | Chemotype | Isolate Location | Host | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GZ3639 | NA1 | 15ADON | Kansas (KS), USA | Wheat | [37] | |
PH1 | NA1 | 15ADON | Michigan (MI), USA | Wheat | [38] | |
64387 | 13MN1-6 | NA1 | 15ADON | Minnesota (MN), USA | Wheat | [4] |
64388 | F333 | NA1 | 15ADON | North Dakota (ND), USA | Wheat | [4] |
38746 | ON-05-85 | NA1 | 15ADON | Ontario (ON), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
38581 | Q-05-105 | NA2 | 3ADON | Quebec (QC), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
37525 | S8A-04-2 | NA2 | 3ADON | Saskatchewan (SK), Canada | Wheat | [26] |
38964 | ON-05-92 | NA2 | 3ADON | Ontario (ON), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
38763 | Q-05-17 | NA2 | 3ADON | Quebec (QC), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
46422 | 00-566 | NA2 | 3ADON | Minnesota (MN), USA | Wheat | [39] |
44211 | 5B-06-4 | NA3 | NX2 | Saskatchewan (SK), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
43884 | ON-06-4 | NA3 | NX2 | Ontario (ON), Canada | Wheat | [3] |
43161 | M11-05-oat4 | NA3 | NX2 | Manitoba (MB), Canada | Oat | [3] |
66044 | 03-348 | NA3 | NX2 | North Dakota (ND), USA | Wheat | [4] |
64394 | F322 | NA3 | NX2 | Minnesota (MN), USA | Wheat | [4] |
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Rhoades, N.A.; McCormick, S.P.; Vaughan, M.M.; Hao, G. The Emerging Fusarium graminearum NA3 Population Produces High Levels of Mycotoxins in Wheat and Barley. Toxins 2024, 16, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090408
Rhoades NA, McCormick SP, Vaughan MM, Hao G. The Emerging Fusarium graminearum NA3 Population Produces High Levels of Mycotoxins in Wheat and Barley. Toxins. 2024; 16(9):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090408
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhoades, Nicholas A., Susan P. McCormick, Martha M. Vaughan, and Guixia Hao. 2024. "The Emerging Fusarium graminearum NA3 Population Produces High Levels of Mycotoxins in Wheat and Barley" Toxins 16, no. 9: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090408