Effects of Moss-Dominated Biocrusts on Soil Microbial Community Structure in an Ionic Rare Earth Tailings Area of Southern China
<p>Location of the study site.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Soil characteristics in pH (<b>a</b>), OM (<b>b</b>), TN (<b>c</b>), TP (<b>d</b>), Available N (<b>e</b>), and available P (<b>f</b>) in four moss-dominated biocrusts and bare soil. The boxplots show the median (center black line) and interquartile ranges (box) of the individual effect sizes. <span class="html-italic">p</span> values denote significant differences among magnitudes or duration of manipulation based on Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction. Horizontal grey solid lines and the number represent the background values of bare soil. OM: Organic matter, TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus; Available N: Available nitrogen, including the sum of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen; Available P: Available phosphorus; Red color was assigned to Claopodium rugulosifolium soil; cyan to Orthotrichum courtoisii soil; green to Polytrichum formosum soil; yellow to Taxiphyllum giraldii soil. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>; ns: no significant differences. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Comparative analysis of the alpha diversity of 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA soil microbe sequences from moss-dominated biocrust soils. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Shannon; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Phylogenetic diversity; and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) Chao1 were calculated by moss type. The data were rarefied up to 35,000 counts per sample. The left boxplots show bacteria diversity and the right for fungi. Statistically significant differences (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001) were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test. Red color was assigned to <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span> soil; cyan to <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span> soil; green to <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span> soil; yellow to <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span> soil. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Soil microbial community structure in four moss-dominated biocrusts. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA diversity used in this study. (<b>a</b>) Soil bacterial community. Moss species explained 48.56% of the total variability in the bacterial community composition (PERMANOVA, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001). (<b>b</b>) Soil fungal community. The species of moss determined 33.10% of the total variability in the agricultural soil (PERMANOVA, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001). CSS transformed reads were used to calculate Bray–Curtis distances in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>). Red color was assigned to <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span> soil and cyan to <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span> soil and green to <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span> soil and yellow to <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span> soil. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Relative abundance of the most abundant microbial phyla in moss-dominated biocrusts soils. Bar graphs of the relative abundance of the most abundant microbial phyla in the bacterial communities (<b>a</b>) and in the fungal communities (<b>b</b>) are shown. Only phyla with a total relative abundance higher than 1% are listed separately in the graphs, while less than 1% are reduced to others. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Differential abundance of bacterial or fungal OTUs in moss-dominated biocrusts soils. Welch’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-tests followed by Bonferroni corrections were performed from <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>, <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>, <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span> soil at phylum (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and genus (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) levels. Only differentially abundant phyla and genus are shown. The left histogram plots show bacteria abundance difference and the right for fungi. Statistically significant differences (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001) were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test. Red color was assigned to <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span> soil; cyan to <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span> soil; green to <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span> soil yellow to <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span> soil.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The enriched and depleted microorganism in moss-dominated biocrusts soils. Area-proportional Euler diagrams were built to depict the exclusive and the shared genera. Number of (<b>a</b>) bacterial genera and (<b>b</b>) fungal genera shared among <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>, <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>, <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span> is depicted within the intersection while the number of genera exclusive to each moss type can be seen out of the intersection zone. The genera exclusive to the <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span> soil are visible in the red colored area. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Core microbiome of moss-dominated biocrusts. The different portions within the inner pie chart represent the bacterial (<b>a</b>) or fungal (<b>b</b>) phyla that are part of the moss core microbiome. The outer donut plot represents the genera that are part of the core, and each genus assigned to the phylum they belong to. The size of the different pie and donut portions represents the contribution of each phylum/genus to the total relative abundance. Satellite box plots depict the relative abundance of selected genera by moss accession (C, O, P, T). Red color was assigned to C; cyan to O; green to P; yellow to T soil, respectively. C: <span class="html-italic">Claopodium rugulosifolium</span>; O: <span class="html-italic">Orthotrichum courtoisii</span>; P: <span class="html-italic">Polytrichum formosum</span>; T: <span class="html-italic">Taxiphyllum giraldii</span>.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Microorganism and soil characteristics co-occurrence networks in moss-dominated biocrusts soils. (<b>a</b>) Co-occurrence network of bacteria. (<b>b</b>) Co-occurrence network of fungi. Positive interactions are depicted as red edges and the negative interactions are depicted as green edges.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Field Sampling
2.2. Soil Nutrient Analysis
2.3. 16 S Amplicon Sequencing and Bioinformatic Processing
2.4. Diversity and Abundance Analysis
2.5. Core Microbiome and Symbiotic Network Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil under Different Moss-Dominated Biocrusts
3.2. Diversity of Microbial Communities Is Driven by Moss Species
3.3. Specific Differences in Soil Microbial Composition from Different Moss Species
3.4. Higher Diversity of Specific Microorganisms for Claopodium Rugulosifolium in Moss-Dominated Biocrusts
3.5. The Core Microorganisms of Moss-Dominated Biocrusts Are Represented by a Small Subset of Rhizosphere Genera
3.6. Effects of Core Microorganisms on s
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, Y.; Liu, R.; Yang, L.; Xiao, X.; He, G. Effects of Moss-Dominated Biocrusts on Soil Microbial Community Structure in an Ionic Rare Earth Tailings Area of Southern China. Toxics 2022, 10, 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120782
Song Y, Liu R, Yang L, Xiao X, He G. Effects of Moss-Dominated Biocrusts on Soil Microbial Community Structure in an Ionic Rare Earth Tailings Area of Southern China. Toxics. 2022; 10(12):782. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120782
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Yongsheng, Renlu Liu, Liren Yang, Xiaoyu Xiao, and Genhe He. 2022. "Effects of Moss-Dominated Biocrusts on Soil Microbial Community Structure in an Ionic Rare Earth Tailings Area of Southern China" Toxics 10, no. 12: 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120782