Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles
<p>Study design.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Open-field outcomes. (<b>A</b>) Three-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for main effects of sex, FM 550 exposure, and paternal care and (<b>B</b>) Two-way ANOVA within sex <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for each endpoint. Significant effects are highlighted in black and suggestive effects (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.10) are highlighted in grey. (<b>C</b>) FM 550 females spent less time and made fewer entries (<b>D</b>) in the center than unexposed females. (<b>C</b>) FM 550 males spent more time in the center than the unexposed males. Both the unexposed and exposed PD females spent less time in the center (<b>C</b>) with a suggestive but not significant decrease in center entries (<b>D</b>) than the BPC unexposed females. (<b>E</b>) Similarly, unexposed and exposed paternally deprived males took longer to enter the center than BPC unexposed males. (<b>F</b>) The main effect of FM 550 was found for males on distance traveled. Graphs depict mean ± SEM. For each dose (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 13–25), * denotes statistically significant difference between groups within sex, while ψ denotes significant sex differences between BPC controls. A single symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>*<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ψ</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.05 and a double symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>**<sup>)</sup> ≤ 0.01.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Sociability test. (<b>A</b>) Arena schematic depicting placement of each element. (<b>B</b>) Three-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for main effects of sex, FM 550 exposure, and paternal care and (<b>C</b>) Two-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for each endpoint. Significant effects are highlighted in black and suggestive effects (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.10) are highlighted in grey. Main effects were primarily driven by paternal deprivation (<b>B</b>) and primarily in females on the exploratory endpoints in the task (<b>C</b>). The sociability index revealed no preference for either cup in any group, however, a suggested lower sociability index PD + FM 550 males compared to BPC males (<b>D</b>). No significant differences in duration with strangers were found in either sex (<b>E</b>) however, there was a suggestive paternal care effect in males. PD females traveled more (<b>G</b>) with more entries with the stranger (<b>H</b>) and empty cup (<b>I</b>) than BPC females. PD + FM 550 males visited (<b>I</b>) and spent more time with the empty cup than BPC males (<b>F</b>). Graphs (<b>E</b>–<b>I</b>) depict mean ± SEM and (<b>D</b>) depicts mean ± 95% CI. For each dose (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 15–28); * denotes a statistically significant difference between groups within sex, while ψ denotes significant sex differences between BPC controls. A single symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>*<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ψ</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.05 and a double symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>**<sup>)</sup> ≤ 0.01. For the sociability index, a significant difference from chance (SI = 0, solid line). A sociability index of 1.0 indicates preference for stranger animal and an index of −1.0 indicates preference for the empty cup.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Social endpoints in the partner preference test. (<b>A</b>) Schematic depicting the placement of the partner and stranger animals in the three-chamber arena. (<b>B</b>) Three-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for main effects of sex, exposure, paternal deprivation, and interaction for each endpoint. Significant effects are highlighted in black and suggestive effects (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.10) are highlighted in grey. (<b>C</b>) Two-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values within sex. (<b>D</b>) Partner preference index, calculated over the entire 2 hrs, was sexually dimorphic and paternal deprivation significantly lowered PPI in both unexposed groups (male and female). Only the PD males did not show a partner preference. (<b>E</b>) Time spent with the stranger was sexually dimorphic and PD females and males spent more time with the stranger than their BPC counterparts. FM 550 PD females spent significantly less time with the stranger than PD only females. Similar findings were found for partner duration (<b>F</b>), with PD males and females spending less time with their partners than BPC controls of the same sex. Endpoints were also binned into 30-min intervals (<b>G</b>–<b>I</b>) to explore PP behavior over time. Notably, PPI and partner duration tended to increase with time in the BPC groups, but this pattern was not seen in the PD males. Graphs (<b>E</b>–<b>I</b>) depict mean ± SEM and (<b>D</b>) depicts mean ± 95% CI. For each dose (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 14–23), * denotes statistically significant exposure effects within sex, while ψ denotes significant sex differences between unexposed BPC animals. For PPI (<b>D</b>), a significant difference from equal preference (PPI = 0, solid line) is indicated by ρ. A lack of significant difference is indicated by ns. A partner preference index of 1.0 indicates a maximal preference for a partner, while an index of −1.0 indicates a maximal preference for the stranger. For binned data (<b>G</b>–<b>I</b>), significant group differences at individual time points are depicted by letters (a: BPC + FM 550; b: PD; c: PD + FM 550); circles with solid lines = BPC, triangles with dashed lines = PD, black = unexposed, grey = FM 550 exposed. A single symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>*<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ρ</span>,<span class="html-italic">ψ</span>,<span class="html-italic">a</span>,<span class="html-italic">b</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.05, a double symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>**<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ρρ</span>,<span class="html-italic">bb</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.01, a triple symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(<span class="html-italic">bbb</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.001, and four symbols represent <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(<span class="html-italic">ρρρρ</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.0001.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>PP exploratory behavior in the partner preference test. (<b>A</b>) Three-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values for main effects of sex, exposure, paternal deprivation, and interaction for each endpoint. Significant effects are highlighted in black and suggestive effects (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.10) are highlighted in grey. (<b>B</b>) Two-way ANOVA <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values within sex. Main effects of exposure were only seen in males, while the main effects of PD were only observed in females. (<b>C</b>) Effects on distance traveled were influenced by paternal care in females but exposure in males, with co-exposed females traveling more than any other female group. Similar findings were found for bouts with the stranger (<b>D</b>) and partner (<b>E</b>) animals, where a main effect of paternal care was found in females but exposure in males. Endpoints were also binned into 30-min intervals (<b>F</b>–<b>H</b>) to explore PP behavior over time. Overall activity decreased over time as the animals habituated to the task. PD females were more active early in the task, while FM 550 exposed male activity was higher than unexposed male activity towards the end. Graphs (<b>C</b>–<b>H</b>) depict mean ± SEM. For each dose (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 14–23), * denotes statistically significant exposure effects within sex, while ψ denotes significant sex differences between unexposed BPC animals. For binned data (<b>F</b>–<b>H</b>), significant group differences at individual time points are depicted by letters (a: BPC + FM 550; b: PD; c: PD + FM 550); circles with solid lines = BPC, triangles with dashed lines = PD, black = unexposed, grey = FM 550 exposed. A single symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>*<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ψ</span>,<span class="html-italic">a</span>,<span class="html-italic">b</span>,<span class="html-italic">c</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.05, a double symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>**<sup>,<span class="html-italic">ψψ</span>,<span class="html-italic">aa</span>,<span class="html-italic">bb</span>,<span class="html-italic">cc</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.01, a triple symbol represents <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(</sup>***<sup>,<span class="html-italic">aaa</span>,<span class="html-italic">ccc</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.001, and four symbols represent <span class="html-italic">p</span><sup>(<span class="html-italic">cccc</span>)</sup> ≤ 0.0001.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Dose Preparation
2.3. Exposure
2.4. Behavioral Testing
2.5. Open-Field Test
2.6. Sociability Test
2.7. Partner Preference Test
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Open-Field
3.2. Sociability Test
3.3. Partner Preference Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gillera, S.E.A.; Marinello, W.P.; Nelson, M.A.; Horman, B.M.; Patisaul, H.B. Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles. Toxics 2022, 10, 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050268
Gillera SEA, Marinello WP, Nelson MA, Horman BM, Patisaul HB. Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles. Toxics. 2022; 10(5):268. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050268
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillera, Sagi Enicole A., William P. Marinello, Mason A. Nelson, Brian M. Horman, and Heather B. Patisaul. 2022. "Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles" Toxics 10, no. 5: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050268