Hydrochemical and Isotopic Explanations of the Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in a Typical-Desertified Steppe of Northern China
<p>(<b>a</b>) Location of the study area, distributions of samples and pictures of sampling sites; (<b>b</b>) hydrogeological profile (A–A’, B–B’, C–C’) of the study area.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Methodology flowchart.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Boxplots of hydrochemical indices of SW and GW. (<b>a</b>) Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>; (<b>b</b>) pH; (<b>c</b>) TDS, TH and EC; and (<b>d</b>) F<sup>−</sup>. EC: μs/cm. pH is unitless, the units of other hydrochemical indices are in mg/L.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Piper diagrams of SW (<b>a</b>) and GW (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Boxplots of EC of SW and GW.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Gibbs diagram of SW and GW. (<b>a</b>) the relationship between TDS vs. Na<sup>+</sup>/(Na<sup>+</sup> + Ca<sup>2+</sup>), and (<b>b</b>) the relationship between TDS vs. Cl<sup>−</sup>/(Cl<sup>−</sup> + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Binary phase diagram of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> vs. Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup>.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>δD–δ<sup>18</sup>O plot showing data of SW and GW.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Variations in hydrochemical indices (<b>a</b>–<b>j</b>) and isotopes (<b>k</b>,<b>l</b>) along the I–I’ profile. Distance: the distance between the water sampling site and the source of the Tabu River.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Distributions of land use types and pumping wells of the study area.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods and Data Preparation
2.2.1. Methods
2.2.2. Data Preparation
3. Results
3.1. Hydrochemical Characteristics
3.2. Hydrochemical Evolutionary Mechanism
3.3. Isotopic Compositions
3.4. Analysis of Hydrochemical Indices and Isotopic Characteristics along a Typical Profile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | SW | GW | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | d-excess | Sample | d-excess | |
Upstream | T1 | +5.48 | n = 56 | +6.21 |
T2 | +1.93 | |||
Midstream | T3 | −18.57 | n = 103 | +5.46 |
T4 | −1.94 | |||
Downstream | T5 | −5.35 | n = 13 | +2.93 |
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Jin, J.; Liu, T.; Wang, M.; Liao, Z.; Zhang, J. Hydrochemical and Isotopic Explanations of the Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in a Typical-Desertified Steppe of Northern China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411034
Jin J, Liu T, Wang M, Liao Z, Zhang J. Hydrochemical and Isotopic Explanations of the Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in a Typical-Desertified Steppe of Northern China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):11034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411034
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Jing, Tiejun Liu, Mingxin Wang, Zilong Liao, and Jing Zhang. 2023. "Hydrochemical and Isotopic Explanations of the Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in a Typical-Desertified Steppe of Northern China" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 11034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411034