A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions between Battery Electric Buses and Conventional Diesel Buses
<p>The framework of comparing CO<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mrow/> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> emissions between BEBs and CDBs based on low sampling frequency data.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Modal activity sequence of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 3
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<p>Modal activity sequence of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">3</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Modal activity sequence of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">4</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Power generation mix of: (<b>a</b>) Guangdong, (<b>b</b>) Yunnan, (<b>c</b>) Guizhou, and (<b>d</b>) the State Grid of China.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Reconstruction trajectories results of BEBs.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The WTW CO<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mrow/> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> emissions on different speed horizons.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The ratio of driving speed for different speed horizon buses: (<b>a</b>) <10 km/h, (<b>b</b>) 10–15 km/h, and (<b>c</b>) 15–20 km/h.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The CO<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mrow/> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> emissions of BEBs in different provinces.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area and Data Description
2.2. Well-to-Wheel Approach
2.3. CO Emission Estimation of BEBs
2.4. CO Emission Estimation of CDBs
2.4.1. VT-Micro Model
2.4.2. Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction
Modal Activity Sequence
- If the value of is between and , and , the modal activity sequence can be shown as Figure 2.
- If the value of is between and , and , the modal activity sequence can be shown as Figure 3.
- If the value of ), the modal activity sequence can be shown as Figure 5.
Assignment of Travel Time and Distance for Each Mode
2.5. Parameter Setting
2.5.1. Parameter Setting of Electricity Mix
2.5.2. Parameter Settings of the VT-Micro Model
2.5.3. Parameter Settings of the Modal-Activity-Based Model
3. Experiments Results
3.1. Trajectory Reconstruction
- In the modal activity-based vehicle trajectory estimation method, we assumed three distributions to reconstruct the trajectory, the parameters were calibrated from NGSIM U.S. 101 dataset. The values of these parameters may be different for our mobile electric bus data.
- In the acceleration and deceleration periods, we presumed the value of acceleration/deceleration rate was constant. As we aimed to compare the CO emissions of electric buses and conventional buses in large-scale areas, the distance errors of the modal-activity-based estimation method are acceptable.
3.2. Impacts of Speed on CO Emissions
3.3. CO Emissions Comparisons in Different Regions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- A BEB achieved approximately an 18.0–23.9% CO emission reduction benefit in comparison with a CDB when the frequency of air-conditioning usage was low.
- A BEB tended to reduce more CO emissions compared with a CDB when the transit bus traveled at a low speed.
- During the operation process of BEB, nearly half of the time, the bus traveled at a speed lower than 10 km/h.
- The inter-provincial electricity transactions were efficient measures to promote the adoption of BEBs, as they helped to improve the energy structure of the electricity mix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BEB | battery electric bus |
CAN | controller area network |
CMEM | comprehensive modal emissions model |
EV | electric vehicle |
ICEV | internal combustion engine vehicle |
MOVES | motor vehicle emission simulator |
SoC | state of charge |
WTT | well-to-tank |
BEV | battery electric vehicle |
CDB | convention diesel bus |
CO | carbon dioxide |
GREET | the greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation Model |
LCA | life cycle assessment |
PHEM | passenger car and heavy duty emission model |
TTW | tank-to-wheel |
WTW | well-to-wheel |
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Modal Activity Sequence | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
6.916 | 0.217 | |||
−0.02754 | ||||
6.915 | −0.032 | |||
0.0284 | ||||
Mode | Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|
Acceleration | 0.814 | 0.311 | |
Deceleration | 1.099 | 0.582 |
Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|
0.471 | −4.439 | 5.482 | |
0.529 | 5.418 | 3.249 |
(km) | (km) | (km) | (km) | (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|
774,782.100 | 192.924 | 0.016 | 9.123 | 4.649 |
Province | Beijing | Shanghai | Guangdong | Zhejiang |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal power (billion kwh) | 422.8 | 813.7 | 3260.1 | 2583.4 |
Total (billion kwh) | 437 | 824.7 | 4369.6 | 3352.8 |
Thermal power share | 96.7% | 98.6% | 74.6% | 77.1% |
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Mao, F.; Li, Z.; Zhang, K. A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions between Battery Electric Buses and Conventional Diesel Buses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095170
Mao F, Li Z, Zhang K. A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions between Battery Electric Buses and Conventional Diesel Buses. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):5170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095170
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Feng, Zhiheng Li, and Kai Zhang. 2021. "A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions between Battery Electric Buses and Conventional Diesel Buses" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095170