Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China
<p>Research area of the NBZ. (<b>a</b><b>1</b>) Tarim sand-prevention belt; (<b>a</b><b>2</b>) Hexi Corridor sand-prevention belt; (<b>a</b><b>3</b>) Inner Mongolia sand-prevention belt; (<b>b</b>) the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau; (<b>c</b>) the northeast forest shelter; (<b>d</b>) the southern hilly and mountainous shelter; (<b>e</b>) the ecological barrier of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Ecological distribution map of the NBZ from 2000 to 2015.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Percentage map of ecosystem in NBZ from 2000 to 2015. (<b>a</b>) The northern sand-prevention shelter, (<b>b</b>) the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau, (<b>c</b>) the northeast forest shelter, (<b>d</b>) the southern hilly and mountainous shelter, (<b>e</b>) the ecological barrier of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, (<b>f</b>) the National Barrier Zone.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Ecosystem transformation in the NBZ from 2000 to 2015.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Chart of driving factors from 2000 to 2015. (<b>a</b>) The northern sand-prevention shelter, (<b>b</b>) the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau, (<b>c</b>) the northeast forest shelter, (<b>d</b>) the southern hilly and mountainous shelter, (<b>e</b>) the ecological barrier of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, (<b>f</b>) the National Barrier Zone.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Redundancy analysis ranking map. (<b>a</b>) The northern sand-prevention shelter, (<b>b</b>) the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau, (<b>c</b>) the northeast forest shelter, (<b>d</b>) the southern hilly and mountainous shelter, (<b>e</b>) the ecological barrier of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, (<b>f</b>) the National Barrier Zone.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Analysis of variance of typical factors in NBZ and each area. (<b>a</b>) The northern sand-prevention shelter, (<b>b</b>) the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau, (<b>c</b>) the northeast forest shelter, (<b>d</b>) the southern hilly and mountainous shelter, (<b>e</b>) the ecological barrier of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, (<b>f</b>) the National Barrier Zone.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Overview
2.2. Data Source and Preprocessing
2.3. Research Method
2.3.1. Transfer Matrix
2.3.2. Redundancy Analysis
2.3.3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3. Results
3.1. Changes in the Ecosystem Pattern in the National Barrier Zone
3.2. Driving Mechanism of Changes in the Ecosystem in the National Barrier Zone
3.2.1. Analysis of Driving Factors of Changes in the Ecosystem in the National Barrier Zone
3.2.2. Analysis of the Driving Factor Contribution Rates and Correlations
3.2.3. ANOVA of the Driving Factors Contribution Rate
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Driving Forces | GDP | POP | PREC | WY | LAI | NDVI | NPP | PDSI | TEMP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
b | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
c | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
d | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
e | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
f | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
a | b | c | d | e | f | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.004 *** |
POP | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.255 | 0.001 *** | 0.646 |
TEMP | 0.093. | 0.292 | 0.166 | 0.996 | 0.002 ** | 0.526 |
PREC | 0.846 | 0.765 | 0.005 ** | 0.367 | 0.413 | 0.611 |
WY | 0.649 | 0.687 | 1 | 0.001 *** | 0.59 | 0.678 |
LAI | 0.898 | 0.761 | 0.254 | 0.001 *** | 0.085 | 0.129 |
NDVI | 0.743 | 0.379 | 0.628 | 0.001 *** | 0.61 | 0.968 |
NPP | 0.117 | 0.732 | 0.069. | 0.002 ** | 0.907 | 0.494 |
PDSI | 0.829 | 0.457 | 0.008 ** | 0.096. | 0.059. | 0.779 |
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Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Chu, B.; Liu, S.; Yang, D.; Luan, J. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166680
Wang X, Li Y, Chu B, Liu S, Yang D, Luan J. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(16):6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166680
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaofeng, Yuehao Li, Bingyang Chu, Shirong Liu, Dan Yang, and Junwei Luan. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China" Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166680