Impact of Crop Residue, Nutrients, and Soil Moisture on Methane Emissions from Soil under Long-Term Conservation Tillage
"> Figure 1
<p>Cumulative soil methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) flux (µg-C kg<sup>−1</sup> soil) (<b>a</b>) effect of residue types and soil moisture across nutrient management, (<b>b</b>) effect of nutrient management and soil moisture across residue treatment, and (<b>c</b>) effect of nutrient management and residue types across soil moisture treatment. Vertical bars represent mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among treatments at α < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Cumulative soil methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) flux (µg-C kg<sup>−1</sup> soil) (<b>a</b>) effect of residue types and soil moisture across nutrient management, (<b>b</b>) effect of nutrient management and soil moisture across residue treatment, and (<b>c</b>) effect of nutrient management and residue types across soil moisture treatment. Vertical bars represent mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among treatments at α < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The apparent residue C mineralization (% residue C yr<sup>−1</sup>) (<b>a</b>) effect of residue types and soil moisture across nutrient management, (<b>b</b>) effect of nutrient management and soil moisture across residue treatment, and the effect of nutrient management and residue types across soil moisture treatment were found to be nonsignificant; therefore, the figure is given in the <a href="#app1-soilsystems-08-00088" class="html-app">Supplementary File as Figure S3</a>. Vertical bars represent the mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among treatments at α < 0.05.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Incubation Experimental Detail
2.3. Greenhouse Gas Sampling and Measurements
2.4. Post Incubation Soil Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Methane (CH4) Fluxes
3.1.1. At 80% FC Interactive Influence of Residue × Nutrient
3.1.2. At 60% FC Interactive Influence of Residue × Nutrient
3.1.3. Interaction Effect
3.2. Apparent Residue C Mineralization
3.3. Correlation and Regression between CH4 Emission, Residue C Mineralization, and Measured Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Apparent Residue C Mineralization
4.2. Methane Fluxes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | Degrees of Freedom | CH4 Emission | Degrees of Freedom | Residue C Mineralization |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residue | 4 | <0.001 | 3 | <0.001 |
Nutrient | 6 | 0.002 | 6 | <0.001 |
Moisture | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
Residue × Nutrient | 24 | <0.001 | 18 | 0.066 |
Residue × Moisture | 4 | <0.001 | 3 | 0.002 |
Nutrient × Moisture | 6 | 0.003 | 6 | 0.001 |
Residue × Nutrient × Moisture | 24 | <0.001 | 18 | 0.124 |
Error | 140 | 112 | ||
Total | 210 | 168 | ||
Corrected Total | 209 | 167 |
CH4 | NO3 | NO2 | NH4 | DHA | Labile C | CO2 | TC: TN | Soil Moisture | Lignin/TN | Cellulose/lignin | Cellulose/TC | Res C min | Res. TC | Res. TN | Lignin | Cellulose | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH4 | 1 | 0.083 | 0.160 * | 0.330 ** | 0.143 | 0.222 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.511 ** | 0.274 ** | −0.004 | 0.148 | 0.387 ** | 0.174 * | −0.254 ** | 0.131 | 0.186 * |
NO3 | 0.083 | 1 | 0.511 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.642 ** | 0.276 ** | 0.199 ** | −0.038 | 0.158 * | −0.029 | 0.047 | −0.079 | 0.058 | 0.276 ** | 0.076 | 0.127 | −0.026 |
NO2 | 0.160 * | 0.511 ** | 1 | 0.269 ** | 0.599 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.437 ** | 0.110 | 0.369 ** | 0.028 | 0.016 | 0.171 * | 0.332 ** | 0.182 * | −0.106 | −0.077 | 0.190 * |
NH4 | 0.330 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.269 ** | 1 | 0.370 ** | 0.722 ** | 0.739 ** | −0.072 | 0.373 ** | −0.054 | −0.038 | −0.072 | 0.601 ** | −0.022 | 0.075 | 0.015 | −0.073 |
DHA | 0.143 | 0.642 ** | 0.599 ** | 0.370 ** | 1 | 0.380 ** | 0.410 ** | 0.083 | 0.270 ** | 0.098 | 0.005 | 0.039 | 0.298 ** | −0.043 | −0.088 | 0.028 | 0.035 |
Labile C | 0.222 ** | 0.276 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.722 ** | 0.380 ** | 1 | 0.687 ** | 0.052 | 0.336 ** | 0.045 | −0.101 | 0.046 | 0.501 ** | −0.010 | −0.056 | −0.009 | 0.044 |
CO2 | 0.450 ** | 0.199 ** | 0.437 ** | 0.739 ** | 0.410 ** | 0.687 ** | 1 | 0.105 | 0.488 ** | 0.054 | −0.041 | 0.156 * | 0.866 ** | −0.049 | −0.125 | −0.110 | 0.138 |
TC: TN | 0.270 ** | −0.038 | 0.110 | −0.072 | 0.083 | 0.052 | 0.105 | 1 | 0.472 ** | 0.903 ** | 0.048 | 0.747 ** | 0.096 | 0.455 ** | −0.989 ** | 0.169 * | 0.828 ** |
Soil moisture | 0.511 ** | 0.158 * | 0.369 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.336 ** | 0.488 ** | 0.472 ** | 1 | 0.517 ** | −0.057 | 0.182 * | 0.332 ** | 0.450 ** | −0.419 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.281 ** |
Lignin/TN | 0.274 ** | −0.029 | 0.028 | −0.054 | 0.098 | 0.045 | 0.054 | 0.903 ** | 0.517 ** | 1 | −0.012 | 0.396 ** | 0.031 | 0.425 ** | −0.856 ** | 0.544 ** | 0.508 ** |
Cellulose/lignin | −0.004 | 0.047 | 0.016 | −0.038 | 0.005 | −0.101 | −0.041 | 0.048 | −0.057 | −0.012 | 1 | 0.123 | 0.004 | 0.002 | −0.062 | −0.116 | 0.112 |
Cellulose/TC | 0.148 | −0.079 | 0.171 * | −0.072 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.156 * | 0.747 ** | 0.182 * | 0.396 ** | 0.123 | 1 | 0.186 * | 0.202 ** | −0.813 ** | −0.517 ** | 0.979 ** |
Res C min | 0.387 ** | 0.058 | 0.332 ** | 0.601 ** | 0.298 ** | 0.501 ** | 0.866 ** | 0.096 | 0.332 ** | 0.031 | 0.004 | 0.186 * | 1 | −0.155 * | −0.132 | −0.185 * | 0.146 |
Res. TC | 0.174 * | 0.276 ** | 0.182 * | −0.022 | −0.043 | −0.010 | −0.049 | 0.455 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.425 ** | 0.002 | 0.202 ** | −0.155 * | 1 | −0.346 ** | 0.438 ** | 0.390 ** |
Res. TN | −0.254 ** | 0.076 | −0.106 | 0.075 | −0.088 | −0.056 | −0.125 | −0.989 ** | −0.419 ** | −0.856 ** | −0.062 | −0.813 ** | −0.132 | −0.346 ** | 1 | −0.043 | −0.865 ** |
Lignin | 0.131 | 0.127 | −0.077 | 0.015 | 0.028 | −0.009 | −0.110 | 0.169 * | 0.368 ** | 0.544 ** | −0.116 | −0.517 ** | −0.185 * | 0.438 ** | −0.043 | 1 | −0.358 ** |
Cellulose | 0.186 * | −0.026 | 0.190 * | −0.073 | 0.035 | 0.044 | 0.138 | 0.828 ** | 0.281 ** | 0.508 ** | 0.112 | 0.979 ** | 0.146 | 0.390 ** | −0.865 ** | −0.358 ** | 1 |
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Choudhary, R.; Lenka, S.; Yadav, D.K.; Lenka, N.K.; Kanwar, R.S.; Sarkar, A.; Saha, M.; Singh, D.; Adhikari, T. Impact of Crop Residue, Nutrients, and Soil Moisture on Methane Emissions from Soil under Long-Term Conservation Tillage. Soil Syst. 2024, 8, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030088
Choudhary R, Lenka S, Yadav DK, Lenka NK, Kanwar RS, Sarkar A, Saha M, Singh D, Adhikari T. Impact of Crop Residue, Nutrients, and Soil Moisture on Methane Emissions from Soil under Long-Term Conservation Tillage. Soil Systems. 2024; 8(3):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030088
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoudhary, Rajesh, Sangeeta Lenka, Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Narendra Kumar Lenka, Rameshwar S. Kanwar, Abhijit Sarkar, Madhumonti Saha, Dharmendra Singh, and Tapan Adhikari. 2024. "Impact of Crop Residue, Nutrients, and Soil Moisture on Methane Emissions from Soil under Long-Term Conservation Tillage" Soil Systems 8, no. 3: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030088