Use of Human Senses as Sensors
<p>A picture of the storeroom constructed as an experimental plant in this study. One of the sliding doors (designated as number 2) of the storeroom placed in the open air was coated with a TiO<sub>2</sub> emulsion and left for two years, while the other door (designated as number 1) was not coated.</p> ">
<p>The sensory evaluation spectra: the resulting impression changes of the subjects between the TiO<sub>2</sub> coated door and the uncoated door. Sensory evaluation spectrum obtained from nonstudent panel (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 18), (b) Spectrum from student panel (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 34). The assessment by inquiry was conducted two times: one was for the TiO<sub>2</sub> coated door and the other was for the uncoated door. The resulting impression changes of the subjects between the TiO<sub>2</sub> coated door and the uncoated door are depicted against the 13 impression descriptors.</p> ">
<p>The mean ± standard deviation profile obtained by sensory test using as an index the change of impression of refrigerator odors. (a) The study undertaken in 2003 (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21), (b) The study in 2004 (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 35). The assessment by inquiry was conducted three times; once immediately before placing the deodorizer in the refrigerator, again after keeping it in the refrigerator for one week, and finally one week after removing it from the refrigerator. The resulting perceptional changes of the subjects related to refrigerator odors assessed by 13 contrasting pairs of adjectives on an 11-point scale (-5 to +5) are depicted. Open bars represent the first inquiry before installation of the deodorizer, diagonal shaded bars represent the second inquiry after installation of the deodorizer, and filled bars represent the third inquiry following removal of the deodorizer.</p> ">
<p>Sensory evaluation spectrum for the efficacy of a photocatalytic deodorizer. (a) and (b): The study undertaken in 2003 (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21), (c) and (d): The study in 2004 (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 35). Sensory spectra of (a) and (c) were obtained when the deodorizer was placed in the refrigerator, while those of (b) and (d) were acquired after its removal. The statistical significance for each descriptor was tested by Student's <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test, and the descriptor regarded to be significant at a probability value of <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 is indicated with a single asterisk (*).</p> ">
<p>Picture of the sensory test when the subject inhaled the fragrance of a given aroma of essential oils.</p> ">
<p>Task dependent sensory spectra for peppermint and spearmint essential oils. Redrawn from Sugawara <span class="html-italic">et al.</span> [<a href="#b14-sensors-09-03184" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. A sensory test was conducted twice before and after the task assigned to the subjects, in which aroma perception was evaluated by 13 impression descriptors consisting of contrasting pairs of adjectives. The pre-post task difference in the score of each of the impression descriptors is plotted on the ordinate as a bar graph. The statistical significance evaluated by the <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test of each descriptor was marked with a single asterisk (*) if the pre-post impression difference was regarded significant with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ± if regarded significant with <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05 - 0.1, and unmarked if <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≥ 0.1. The number of subjects were (a) 20, (b) 18, (c) 23, (d) 18.</p> ">
<p>The observed skin temperature changes following inhalation of peppermint in relation to the auditory task. Redrawn from Sugawara <span class="html-italic">et al.</span> [<a href="#b14-sensors-09-03184" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. The numbers assigned to the graph represent the sensor spots on the left hand: 1, the tip of the thumb; 2, the tip of the first finger; 3, the tip of the second finger; 4, the tip of the third finger; 5, the tip of the fourth finger, and 6, the palm. The number of subjects was 20.</p> ">
<p>Summary of the obtained verbal and nonverbal responses to odorants following inhalation of peppermint and spearmint essential oils and linalool in terms of sensory evaluation spectrum and net intensity skin temperature changes, when observed as a function of extraneous condition assigned to the subjects. As for spearmint, the number of subjects in relation to nonverbal test was 17 for mental arithmetic and 18 for the auditory task (listening to environmental sounds). As for linalool, the number of subjects was 20 for mental arithmetic and 22 for the auditory task in relation to verbal test; 20 for mental arithmetic and 20 for the auditory task in relation to nonverbal test.</p> ">
<p>Formulas of the enantiomeric isomers of linalool.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sensory evaluation Study Regarding the Efficacy of Photocatalytic Elimination of Stains or Bio-Aerosols from Air Environments by TiO2
3. Sensory Evaluation of the Efficacy of A Photocatalytic Deodorizer
4. Human Verbal and Non-Verbal Responses to Odorants While Inhaling the Fragrances of Peppermint and Spearmint Essential Oils and Linalool [13,14]
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- This paper is an overview of our verbal (semantic) research achievements over the past decade, suggesting that human senses might be indispensable sensors not only for practical uses but also for gaining a deeper understanding of humans. From this point of view, the following studies deserve emphasis.
- In the first study, we used semantic responses from participants to determine the efficacy of the photocatalytic elimination of stains or bio-aerosols from an air environment using TiO2. Participants' impressions were recorded on an 11-point scale using 13 contrasting pairs of adjectives. Such an inquiry assessment was conducted twice: once for the TiO2 coated door and once for the uncoated door. The mean of the impression difference between the score of the first inquiry for the TiO2 coated door and the second inquiry for the uncoated door was plotted against the descriptors. The obtained bar graph (sensory evaluation spectrum) showed an upward tendency with a positive value against the descriptors. This suggests that the coated door was superior to the uncoated one related to the 13 setting semantic variables.
- When a TiO2-type deodorizer was setting in the participants' own home refrigerators, in the second study, it was shown that a pair of sensory spectra could represent a functional aspect of the deodorizing efficacy of a photocatalytic deodorant: one was a spectrum for installation of deodorant in a refrigerator, and the other was for its removal.
- In an attempt to shed light on the relationship between mood change and odor and its physiological effects in humans induced by smelling the fragrances of essential oils, in the final study, we focused on the possible verbal and nonverbal changes of the subjects while inhaling the fragrance of peppermint and spearmint essential oils and linalool. An inquiry assessment was employed for evaluating changes in perception of a given aroma, when the subject was undergoing the Kraepelin mental performance test (mental arithmetic) or an auditory task (listening to environmental natural sounds), once before the task (pre-task) and once after the task (post-task). To identify further possible physiological changes of inhaling the odorants, skin thermometer studies were conducted. The obtained findings give support to the conclusion, as reported by Lorig and Schwartz [48], that odors act as neurophysiological stimuli by causing different perceptions and lead in turn to diverse odor reactions depending on the internal and extraneous conditions of the subjects.
Acknowledgments
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bright – dark | neat – sluggish |
clear – heavy | pure – sandy |
clean – dirty | natural – artificial |
calm – irritating | harmonious – inharmonious |
agreeable – disagreeable | comfortable – uncomfortable |
refined – vulgar | likeable – dislikable |
fresh – stale | fine – dusty |
transparent – opaque | airy – murky |
dry – watery | brilliant – stringy |
smooth – rough | glossy – gloomy |
slippery – coarse | light – sticky |
simple – thick |
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Sugawara, Y.; Sugimoto, C.; Minabe, S.; Iura, Y.; Okazaki, M.; Nakagawa, N.; Seto, M.; Maruyama, S.; Hirano, M.; Kitayama, I. Use of Human Senses as Sensors. Sensors 2009, 9, 3184-3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503184
Sugawara Y, Sugimoto C, Minabe S, Iura Y, Okazaki M, Nakagawa N, Seto M, Maruyama S, Hirano M, Kitayama I. Use of Human Senses as Sensors. Sensors. 2009; 9(5):3184-3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503184
Chicago/Turabian StyleSugawara, Yoshiaki, Chie Sugimoto, Sachiko Minabe, Yoshie Iura, Mai Okazaki, Natuki Nakagawa, Miwa Seto, Saki Maruyama, Miki Hirano, and Ichiro Kitayama. 2009. "Use of Human Senses as Sensors" Sensors 9, no. 5: 3184-3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503184