Designing a Hybrid Energy-Efficient Harvesting System for Head- or Wrist-Worn Healthcare Wearable Devices
<p>(<b>a</b>) The block diagram of the hybrid energy harvesting system; (<b>b</b>) proposed development of the hybrid energy harvesting system.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Comparison of several examples of commercial energy harvesting ICs used for PV/TEG energy sources.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The proposed multi-port energy harvesting system.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Circuit schematic of the BQ25504 ultra-low-power DC/DC boost converter.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Hardware implementation of the prototype energy harvesting system on glasses as a wearable device, which are worn on the human body.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Exchange of PV/TEG power, battery, and wearable sensor node power in different weather conditions.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The power demand of the PV energy harvesting system under the various resistive loads.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Efficiency and power losses of the PV energy harvesting system under various resistive loads.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The power demand of the TEG energy harvesting system under the various resistive loads.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Efficiency and power losses of the TEG energy harvesting system under various resistive loads.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The contribution of hybrid energy harvesting resources in supplying the output load in shadow conditions.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Power contribution of the hybrid energy harvesting system for wearable sensor node.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Energy harvesting system efficiency and P<sub>loss</sub>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Designing a double-source hybrid PV/TEG energy harvesting system to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for both input sources, during battery charging and loading, addressing 96% efficiency in energy conversion.
- Validating the harvesting system with two DC/DC boost converters, which operate with MPPT and can charge or supply a common battery/load simultaneously or individually, showcasing the capability to turn into a self-powered wearable device.
- Implementing a low-cost, compact form factor, and universal harvesting system compatible with a wide range of wearable healthcare devices in different mode of wearability such as wrist- or head-worn systems.
2. Related Work
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Health-Related Sensors
3.2. Proposed Hybrid Energy Harvesting System, and Hardware Specification
3.2.1. Solar Panel
3.2.2. TEG Module
3.2.3. DC/DC Converter and Power Management Unit
3.2.4. Energy Storage Unit
3.3. Proposed Multi-Port Energy Harvesting Circuit
4. Experimental Results
- Sunny day facing the sun;
- Sunny day back to the sun;
- Shady or cloudy conditions.
4.1. The Results of the Hybrid Energy Harvesting System
4.1.1. First Experimental Stage: Wearable Sensor Node
4.1.2. Second Experimental Stage: PV Energy Harvesting System under the Various Resistive Loads
4.1.3. Third Experimental Stage: TEG Energy Harvesting System under the Various Resistive Loads
4.1.4. Fourth Experimental Stage: Hybrid Energy Harvesting
5. Discussion and Comparison
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hasasneh, A.; Hijazi, H.; Talib, M.A.; Afadar, Y.; Nassif, A.B.; Nasir, Q. Wearable Devices and Explainable Unsupervised Learning for COVID-19 Detection and Monitoring. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheong, S.H.; Ng, Y.J.; Lau, Y.; Lau, S.T. Wearable technology for early detection of COVID-19: A systematic scoping review. Prev. Med. 2022, 162, 107170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.H.; Hsu, W.S. Integrating artificial intelligence and wearable IoT system in long-term care environments. Sensors 2023, 23, 5913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patil, V.; Singhal, D.K.; Naik, N.; Hameed, B.Z.; Shah, M.J.; Ibrahim, S.; Smriti, K.; Chatterjee, G.; Kale, A.; Sharma, A.; et al. Factors Affecting the Usage of Wearable Device Technology for Healthcare among Indian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popov, V.V.; Kudryavtseva, E.V.; Kumar Katiyar, N.; Shishkin, A.; Stepanov, S.I.; Goel, S. Industry 4.0 and digitalisation in healthcare. Materials 2022, 15, 2140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chong, Y.W.; Ismail, W.; Ko, K.; Lee, C.Y. Energy harvesting for wearable devices: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 2019, 19, 9047–9062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Damre, S.S.; Shendkar, B.D.; Kulkarni, N.; Chandre, P.R.; Deshmukh, S. Smart Healthcare Wearable Device for Early Disease Detection Using Machine Learning. Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl. Eng. 2024, 12, 158–166. [Google Scholar]
- Guk, K.; Han, G.; Lim, J.; Jeong, K.; Kang, T.; Lim, E.K.; Jung, J. Evolution of wearable devices with real-time disease monitoring for personalized healthcare. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zovko, K.; Šerić, L.; Perković, T.; Belani, H.; Šolić, P. IoT and health monitoring wearable devices as enabling technologies for sustainable enhancement of life quality in smart environments. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 413, 137506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, H.J.; Williams, I.; Peters, N.S.; Mandic, D.P. In-ear spo2: A tool for wearable, unobtrusive monitoring of core blood oxygen saturation. Sensors 2020, 20, 4879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussain, Z.; Sheng, Q.Z.; Zhang, W.E.; Ortiz, J.; Pouriyeh, S. Non-invasive techniques for monitoring different aspects of sleep: A comprehensive review. ACM Trans. Comput. Healthc. 2022, 3, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haghi, M.; Ershadi, A.; Deserno, T.M. Recognizing Human Activity of Daily Living Using a Flexible Wearable for 3D Spine Pose Tracking. Sensors 2023, 23, 2066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellagente, P.; Crema, C.; Depari, A.; Ferrari, P.; Flammini, A.; Lanfranchi, G.; Lenzi, G.; Maddiona, M.; Rinaldi, S.; Sisinni, E.; et al. Remote and non-invasive monitoring of elderly in a smart city context. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 12–14 March 2018; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Razavi, M.; McDonald, A.; Mehta, R.; Sasangohar, F. Evaluating Mental Stress Among College Students Using Heart Rate and Hand Acceleration Data Collected from Wearable Sensors. arXiv 2023, arXiv:2309.11097. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.; Khan, S.; Wu, P.; Park, S.; Park, H.; Yu, C.; Kim, W. Self-charging wearables for continuous health monitoring. Nano Energy 2021, 79, 105419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nozariasbmarz, A.; Collins, H.; Dsouza, K.; Polash, M.H.; Hosseini, M.; Hyland, M.; Liu, J.; Malhotra, A.; Ortiz, F.M.; Mohaddes, F.; et al. Review of wearable thermoelectric energy harvesting: From body temperature to electronic systems. Appl. Energy 2020, 258, 114069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hesham, R.; Soltan, A.; Madian, A. Energy harvesting schemes for wearable devices. AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2021, 138, 153888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, H.J.; Bachtiger, P.; Williams, I.; Molyneaux, P.L.; Peters, N.S.; Mandic, D.P. Wearable in-ear PPG: Detailed respiratory variations enable classification of COPD. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2022, 69, 2390–2400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haghi, M.; Danyali, S.; Thurow, K.; Warnecke, J.M.; Wang, J.; Deserno, T.M. Hardware prototype for wrist-worn simultaneous monitoring of environmental, behavioral, and physiological parameters. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haghi, M.; Danyali, S.; Ayasseh, S.; Wang, J.; Aazami, R.; Deserno, T.M. Wearable devices in health monitoring from the environmental towards multiple domains: A survey. Sensors 2021, 21, 2130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, Z.; Wang, K.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y.; Wang, L. A Wearable Flexible Acceleration Sensor for Monitoring Human Motion. Biosensors 2022, 12, 620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Babar, M.; Rahman, A.; Arif, F.; Jeon, G. Energy-harvesting based on internet of things and big data analytics for smart health monitoring. Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst. 2018, 20, 155–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Páez-Montoro, A.; García-Valderas, M.; Olías-Ruíz, E.; López-Ongil, C. Solar energy harvesting to improve capabilities of wearable devices. Sensors 2022, 22, 3950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Proto, A.; Bibbo, D.; Cerny, M.; Vala, D.; Kasik, V.; Peter, L.; Conforto, S.; Schmid, M.; Penhaker, M. Thermal energy harvesting on the bodily surfaces of arms and legs through a wearable thermo-electric generator. Sensors 2018, 18, 1927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huet, F.; Boitier, V.; Seguier, L. Tunable piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with supercapacitors for WSN in an industrial environment. IEEE Sens. J. 2022, 22, 15373–15384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gljušćić, P.; Zelenika, S.; Blažević, D.; Kamenar, E. Kinetic energy harvesting for wearable medical sensors. Sensors 2019, 19, 4922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sherazi, H.H.; Zorbas, D.; O’Flynn, B. A comprehensive survey on RF energy harvesting: Applications and performance determinants. Sensors 2022, 22, 2990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohsen, S.; Zekry, A.; Youssef, K.; Abouelatta, M. A self-powered wearable wireless sensor system powered by a hybrid energy harvester for healthcare applications. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2021, 116, 3143–3164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, Y.; Jantunen, H.; Juuti, J. Energy harvesting research: The road from single source to multisource. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Wang, Y.; Mei, D.; Feng, B.; Chen, Z. Design and fabrication of wearable thermoelectric generator device for heat harvesting. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2017, 3, 373–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, L.; Wu, K.; Tian, X.; Luo, J. Activity-specific caloric expenditure estimation from kinetic energy harvesting in wearable devices. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 2020, 67, 101185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pillatsch, P.; Yeatman, E.M.; Holmes, A.S. Real world testing of a piezoelectric rotational energy harvester for human motion. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2013, 476, 012010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delnavaz, A.; Voix, J. Energy harvesting for in-ear devices using ear canal dynamic motion. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2013, 61, 583–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Sun, Y. WearETE: A scalable wearable e-textile triboelectric energy harvesting system for human motion scavenging. Sensors 2017, 17, 2649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farooq, M.; Sazonov, E. Segmentation and characterization of chewing bouts by monitoring temporalis muscle using smart glasses with piezoelectric sensor. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 2016, 21, 1495–1503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, B.Y.; Wang, Z.H.; Ju, L.; Zhang, C.; Liu, Z.G.; Tao, L.; Lu, W.B. Flexible and wearable hybrid RF and solar energy harvesting system. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2021, 70, 2223–2233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veloo, S.G.; Tiang, J.J.; Muhammad, S.; Wong, S.K. A Hybrid Solar-RF Energy Harvesting System Based on an EM4325-Embedded RFID Tag. Electronics 2023, 12, 4045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noh, Y.S.; Seo, J.I.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, S.G. A reconfigurable DC/DC converter for maximum thermoelectric energy harvesting in a battery-powered duty-cycling wireless sensor node. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2022, 57, 2719–2730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, A.; Shaukat, H.; Bibi, S.; Altabey, W.A.; Noori, M.; Kouritem, S.A. Recent progress in Energy Harvesting Systems for wearable technology. Energy Strategy Rev. 2023, 49, 101124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, Y.K.; Panda, S.K. Energy harvesting from hybrid indoor ambient light and thermal energy sources for enhanced performance of wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2010, 58, 4424–4435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carli, D.; Brunelli, D.; Benini, L.; Ruggeri, M. An effective multi-source energy harvester for low power applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE 2011 Design, Automation & Test in Europe, Grenoble, France, 14–18 March 2011; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Mouser. AEM10941 Solar Energy Harvesting IC, e-peas. Available online: https://www.mouser.com/new/e-peas/e-peas-aem10941-solar-energy-harvesting-ic/ (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- Mouser. AEM20940 Thermal Energy Harvesting IC, e-peas. Available online: https://www.mouser.com/new/e-peas/e-peas-aem20940-thermal-energy-harvesting-ic/ (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- Analog Devices. ADP5091 Datasheet and Product Info. Available online: https://www.analog.com/en/products/adp5091.html (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- TI.com. BQ25504 Data Sheet, Product Information and Support. Available online: https://www.ti.com/product/BQ25504 (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- TI.com. BQ25570 Data Sheet, Product Information and Support. Available online: https://www.ti.com/product/BQ25570 (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- SPV1050—STMicroelectronics, STMicroelectronics. Available online: https://www.st.com/en/power-management/spv1050.html (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- Analog Devices. LTC3105 Datasheet and Product Info. Available online: https://www.analog.com/en/products/ltc3105.html (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- Analog Devices. LTC3106 Datasheet and Product Info. Available online: https://www.analog.com/en/products/ltc3106.html (accessed on 23 August 2023).
- Guragain, D.P.; Budhathoki, R.K.; Ghimire, P. Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using long range radio access technology. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 12, 3869–3881. [Google Scholar]
- Magno, M.; Brunelli, D.; Sigrist, L.; Andri, R.; Cavigelli, L.; Gomez, A.; Benini, L. InfiniTime: Multi-sensor wearable bracelet with human body harvesting. Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst. 2016, 11, 38–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TaheriNejad, N.; Perego, P.; Rahmani, A.M. Mobile Health Technology: From Daily Care and Pandemics to their Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact. Mob. Netw. Appl. 2022, 27, 652–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Energy Sources | Power Density |
---|---|
Ambient light | 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 μW/cm2 (indoor illumination) |
Thermoelectric | 60 μW/cm2 |
Radio frequency | 1 μW/cm2 (ambient) 15 μW (external) |
Human | 1000 μW/cm2 (biochemical) 4 μW/cm3 (biomechanical—microgenerator) 200 μW/cm3 (biomechanical—piezoelectric) |
Symbol | Cell Parameter | Typical Ratings |
---|---|---|
VOC | Open circuit voltage | 2.07 V |
ISC | Short circuit current | 19.5 mA |
Vmpp | Voltage at MPP | 1.67 V |
Impp | Current at MPP | 18.4 mA |
Pmpp | Maximum peak power | 30.7 mW |
H | Solar cell efficiency | 25% |
Symbol | Parameter | Values at Hot Side Temperature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
35 °C | 55 °C | 85 °C | ||
Tcold | Cold side temperature, (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 |
Optη | Optimum efficiency, (%) | 0.40 | 1.36 | 2.71 |
POPT | Optimum power, (mW) | 20 | 233 | 964 |
VOPT | Optimum voltage, (V) | 0.244 | 0.868 | 1.825 |
VOC | Open circuit voltage, (V) | 0.43 | 1.51 | 3.18 |
ISC | Short circuit current, (A) | 0.19 | 0.63 | 1.24 |
Test Conditions | Sunny Day: Facing the Sun | Sunny Day: Back to the Sun | Shadow | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 min | 1 h | 2 h | 10 min | 1 h | 2 h | 10 min | 1 h | 2 h | |
VPV in V | 2.92 | 2.91 | 2.94 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.09 | 2.38 | 2.18 |
IPV in mA | 71.2 | 63.4 | 80.1 | 51.7 | 48.5 | 50 | 5.3 | 9 | 4.7 |
PPV in mW | 207.9 | 184.5 | 235.5 | 144.76 | 131 | 140 | 11.07 | 21.42 | 10.246 |
VBATT in V | 3.75 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.83 | 3.81 | 4.04 | 3.93 | 3.87 | 3.81 |
Iavrage in mA 1 | 32.21 | 33.21 | 33.21 | 33.26 | 34.15 | 32.21 | 28.21 | 32.21 | 28.21 |
Test Conditions | Indoor | |
---|---|---|
10 min | 1 h | |
VTEG in V | 0.96 | 0.96 |
ITEG in mA | 82.2 | 82.2 |
PTEG in mW | 78.912 | 78.912 |
VBATT in V | 3.93 | 3.92 |
Iavrage in mA 1 | 32.21 | 33.21 |
Skin temperature | 35 | 35 |
Environment temperature | 27 | 27 |
Ref. | Energy Source | Sensors Deployed | Energy Storage | Area of Harvester (mm2) | Power of Harvester (mW) | Mode of Device Wearability | Energy Management IC | MCU Unit | Circuit Techniques for Hybrid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This work | PV, TEG | PPG, Accelerometer | Battery, 300 mAh | Panel = 1840, TEG = 1024 | Panel = 307, TEG = 78.2 at (∆T = 8 °C) | Glasses, Wrist-worn | Two BQ25504 boost converters | NodeMCU ESP8266 | Energy harvesting from both sources, without diode |
[28] | PV, TEG | Temperature, Pulse oximeter, Accelerometer | Supercapacitor, 50 F | Panel = 4320, TEG = 1600 | Panel = 207, TEG = 50 at (∆T = 20 °C) | Wrist-worn | LTC3105 boost converter | ATmega-328p | Power OR-ing. |
[30] | TEG | Powering a LED | N/A | TEG = 559 | TEG = 0.023 at (∆T = 10 °C) | Wrist-worn | LTC3108 boost converter | N/A | __ |
[50] | PV | N/A | Battery, CR2025-supercapacitor, 4 F | 40,000 | 820 | N/A | BQ25570 buck-boost converter | Atmel ATMEGA328P-AU | __ |
[51] | PV, TEG | Nano-power accelerometer, Temperature, Analog microphone | Battery, 40 mAh | Panel = 3892, TEG = 560 | Panel = 4.42, TEG = 2.62 at (∆T = 16 °C) | Bracelet | BQ25570 buck-boost converter and LTC3108 boost converter | MSP430FR5969 | Energy harvesting from both sources, with diode |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tohidinejad, Z.; Danyali, S.; Valizadeh, M.; Seepold, R.; TaheriNejad, N.; Haghi, M. Designing a Hybrid Energy-Efficient Harvesting System for Head- or Wrist-Worn Healthcare Wearable Devices. Sensors 2024, 24, 5219. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165219
Tohidinejad Z, Danyali S, Valizadeh M, Seepold R, TaheriNejad N, Haghi M. Designing a Hybrid Energy-Efficient Harvesting System for Head- or Wrist-Worn Healthcare Wearable Devices. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5219. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165219
Chicago/Turabian StyleTohidinejad, Zahra, Saeed Danyali, Majid Valizadeh, Ralf Seepold, Nima TaheriNejad, and Mostafa Haghi. 2024. "Designing a Hybrid Energy-Efficient Harvesting System for Head- or Wrist-Worn Healthcare Wearable Devices" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5219. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165219