Design, Optimization, and Experimental Evaluation of Slow Light Generated by π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating for Use in Sensing Applications
<p>(<b>a</b>) Refractive index modulation in a uniform FBG and (<b>b</b>) refractive index modulation with inserted π phase shift [<a href="#B22-sensors-24-00340" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Measurement setup for investigation of the first π-PSFBG that was designed to operate in its reflection mode.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The modeled reflectivity spectra of a first π-PSFBG design (blue line) compared to experimentally obtained values (red dots) and their best fit (red line), respectively.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Experimental setup of a phase-shifted π-PSFBG. To filter out the unwanted signal at the grating output, a ch31 filter (on a 100 GHz ITU grid) of a JDSU/E-TEK DeMUX module was inserted.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Measured spectral reflectivity of the 2.8 mm π-PSFBG. The red dots represent experimental data, and the blue line is the best fit; (<b>b</b>) spectral characteristics of the 2.8 mm π-PSFBG. Modeled (red line), measured data (black), and the blue line is data best fit, respectively. Notice a small difference between the value of the designed central wavelength <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cd</sub></span> = 1552.9 nm and its measured value <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cm</sub></span> = 1552.92 nm. The measured lower transmissivity is a result of the omission of a loss coefficient in the model.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Measured spectral reflectivity of the 2.8 mm π-PSFBG. The red dots represent experimental data, and the blue line is the best fit; (<b>b</b>) spectral characteristics of the 2.8 mm π-PSFBG. Modeled (red line), measured data (black), and the blue line is data best fit, respectively. Notice a small difference between the value of the designed central wavelength <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cd</sub></span> = 1552.9 nm and its measured value <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cm</sub></span> = 1552.92 nm. The measured lower transmissivity is a result of the omission of a loss coefficient in the model.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) π-PSFBG output in the spectral domain observed on the optical spectrum analyzer (note two wavelength peaks at <span class="html-italic">λ</span> = 1552.2 nm and <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cm</sub></span> = 1552.92 nm); (<b>b</b>) grating output in the time domain as seen on a digitizing oscilloscope with an ultra-fast optical sampling head.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Time domain characteristics of output impulse (red data points). Apart from the widening caused by dispersion, the output impulse is composed of two impulses experiencing different amounts of the group delay.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Calculated/modeled relative group delay as a function of wavelength generated by the grating at its transmission output. (For <span class="html-italic">λ</span> = 1552.2 nm and <span class="html-italic">λ</span><span class="html-italic"><sub>cm</sub></span> = 1552.92 nm see <a href="#sensors-24-00340-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>a).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. First π-PSFBG Design
3.2. Second π-PSFBG Design
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mo, S.; Huang, X.; Xu, S.; Feng, Z.; Li, C.; Yang, C.; Yang, Z. Compact slow-light single-frequency fiber laser at 1550 nm. Appl. Phys. Express 2015, 8, 082703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.-M.; Hu, C.-C.; Liu, Q.; Guo, H.-Y.; Yin, G.-L.; Li, Z.-Y. High speed demodulation method of identical weak fiber Bragg gratings based on wavelength-sweep optical time-domain reflectometry. Acta Phys. Sin. 2016, 65, 204209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Q.; Pan, Z.; Wang, Z.; Fang, Z.; Cai, H.; Qu, R.H. Novel Slow-light Reflector Composed of a Fiber Ring Resonator and Low-reflectivity Fiber Bragg Grating. J. Light. Technol. 2015, 33, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruan, Z.; Pei, L.; Ning, T.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Li, J.; Xie, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Zheng, J. Simple structure of tapered FBG filled with magnetic fluid to realize magnetic field sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2021, 67, 102698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonopera, M. Fiber-Bragg-Grating-Based Displacement Sensors: Review of Recent Advances. Materials 2022, 15, 5561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, H.; Terrel, M.; Fan, S.; Digonnet, M. Sensing with Slow Light in Fiber Bragg Gratings. IEEE Sens. J. 2012, 12, 156–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skolianos, G.; Arora, A.; Bernier, M.; Digonnet, M. Slow light in fiber Bragg gratings and its applications. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2016, 49, 463001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dwivedi, K.M.; Osuch, T.; Trivedi, G. High sensitive and large dynamic range quasi-distributed sensing system based on slow-light π-phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings. Opto-Electron. Rev. 2019, 27, 233–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, D.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, A.; Han, B.; Wu, Q.; Zhao, Y. Novel Fiber Grating for Sensing Applications. Phys. Status Solidi 2019, 216, 1800820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Qin, C.; Wang, Q. Principles of structural slow light and its applications for optical fiber sensors: A review. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 2013, 42, 72–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dwivedi, K.M.; Trivedi, G.; Osuch, T.; Juryca, K.; Pidanic, J. Theoretical Analysis of Slow-Light in π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating for Sensing Applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE), Pardubice, Czech Republic, 16–18 April 2019; IEEE: Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2019; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deepa, S.; Das, B. Interrogation Techniques for π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor: A Review. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2020, 315, 112215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arora, A.; Zawada, A.N.; Bernier, M.; Digonnet MJ, F. High-Resolution Slow-Light Fiber-Bragg-Grating Microphone and Hydrophone. IEEE Sens. J. 2023, 23, 8391–8399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fadhali, M.M. Theoretical optimization of cavity configurations for fiber lasers: Enhancement of mode oscillation and slow-light effect. Laser Phys. 2023, 33, 055101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, Q. Improved design of slow light interferometer and its application in FBG displacement sensor. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2014, 214, 168–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Endo, M.; Kimura, S.; Tani, S.; Kobayashi, Y. Coherent control of acoustic phonons in a silica fiber using a multi-GHz optical frequency comb. Commun. Phys. 2021, 4, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Bao, S.; Jin, J.; Li, M.; Li, D.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Y. All-optical tunable slow-light based on an analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in a hybrid metamaterial. Nanoscale Adv. 2021, 3, 5636–5641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vigneron, P.-B.; Boilard, T.; Balliu, E.; Broome, A.L.; Bernier, M.; Digonnet MJ, F. Loss-compensated slow-light fiber Bragg grating with 22-km/s group velocity. Opt. Lett. 2020, 45, 3179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skolianos, G.; Bernier, M.; Vallée, R.; Digonnet, M.J.F. Observation of ∼20 ns group delay in a low-loss apodized fiber Bragg grating. Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 3978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, W.; Tian, Y.; Gervais, A. Scaling capacity of fiber-optic transmission systems via silicon photonics. Nanophotonics 2020, 9, 4629–4663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Ashrafi, R.; Adams, R.; Glesk, I.; Gausulla, I.; Capmany, J.; Lawrence, C. Subwavelength grating enabled on-chip ultra-compact optical true time delay line. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 30235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaňko, M.; Müllerová, J. Numerical examination of structural slow-light delays in fiber Bragg gratings of varied parameters. In Proceedings of the Applied Physics of Condensed Matter (APCOM 2019), Hotel Patria, High Tatras, Slovak Republic, 19–21 June 2019; AIP Publishing: Long Island, NY, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaras, Y.S.; Yildirim, D.K.; Kocaturk, O.; Degertekin, F.L. Sensitivity and phase response of FBG based acousto-optic sensors for real-time MRI applications. OSA Contin. 2020, 3, 447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaňko, M.; Müllerová, J.; Dado, M. Numerical Analysis of Parameter Optimization in Slow Light Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Gratings. Mater. Trans. 2022, 63, 436–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Fan, H.; Kong, L.; Cao, D.; Ren, C.; Zhang, X.; Kang, F. Ultra-slow light with high normalized delay–bandwidth product and refractive-index sensing in photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide. Opt. Commun. 2022, 523, 128721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vaňko, M.; Glesk, I.; Müllerová, J.; Dubovan, J.; Dado, M. Design, Optimization, and Experimental Evaluation of Slow Light Generated by π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating for Use in Sensing Applications. Sensors 2024, 24, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020340
Vaňko M, Glesk I, Müllerová J, Dubovan J, Dado M. Design, Optimization, and Experimental Evaluation of Slow Light Generated by π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating for Use in Sensing Applications. Sensors. 2024; 24(2):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020340
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaňko, Matúš, Ivan Glesk, Jarmila Müllerová, Jozef Dubovan, and Milan Dado. 2024. "Design, Optimization, and Experimental Evaluation of Slow Light Generated by π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating for Use in Sensing Applications" Sensors 24, no. 2: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020340