Low Power Contactless Bioimpedance Sensor for Monitoring Breathing Activity †
<p>Large tuning range resonant sensor. LO is a local oscillator, DDS is a direct digital synthesizer, ÷ n is a frequency divider, ε is tissue permittivity, <span class="html-italic">n</span> is the mode number, <span class="html-italic">f<sub>D</sub></span> divider frequency, and <span class="html-italic">f<sub>R</sub></span> is resonant frequency.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Microstrip ring resonator geometry and a prototype photo (line width <span class="html-italic">W<sub>L</sub></span> = 2.2 mm, ring width <span class="html-italic">W<sub>R</sub></span> = 2.2 mm, ring diameter <span class="html-italic">D<sub>i</sub></span> = 2.2 mm, gap <span class="html-italic">g</span> = 0.15 mm).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Calculated and measured S21 for resonator between 2 MHz and 6 GHz.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Oscillator prototype.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Employed frequency synthesizer.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Bioimpedance sensor frontend: Frequency divider, DDS, and mixer.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Measurement of S21 of the open-loop oscillator amplifier.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Oscillator test with two different operating conditions.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Final results from respiratory sensor test.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Measurement setup for the prototype test.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Power consumption of DDC generator as a function of the output frequency.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Power consumption of frequency divider as a function of the supply voltage.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Power consumption of frequency mixer as a function of the supply voltage.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microwave Bioimpedance Sensor
2.1. Resonator
2.2. Low-Pass Filter
2.3. Frequency Divider
2.4. Frequency Synthesizer
2.5. Frequency Mixer
3. Bioimpedance Sensor Testing
3.1. Oscillator Test
3.2. Prototype Sensor Test
4. Power Consumption
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Power (mW) | Time (µs) | Energy (µJ) | |
---|---|---|---|
Oscillator and frequency divider | 150 | 256.5 | 38.475 |
DDS | 12 | 36.5 | 0.438 |
Mixer | 34 | 34 | 1.156 |
Overall | 256.5 | 40.069 |
Sensitivity | Power Consumption | Size | Price | |
---|---|---|---|---|
This work | 2% (36 MHz @ 1.8 GHz) | 12 mW | Wearable (sensor and readout electronics) | Low cost (approx. 15 EUR BOM cost) |
[11] | 0.67% (16 MHz @ 2.4 GHz) | Large (demonstrated with large instruments) | Wearable (sensor only) | Low cost (sensor antenna only) |
[12] | 25% 200–250 arbitrary units | Possibly low power (ultrasound transmitter and receiver) | Fixed installation (not wearable) | Mid to high |
[13] | (not reported) | 22.8 mW 6.936 mA × 3.3 V (assumed) | Fixed installation (not wearable) | Mid + data provider lease |
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Pavlin, M.; Novak, F.; Papa, G. Low Power Contactless Bioimpedance Sensor for Monitoring Breathing Activity. Sensors 2021, 21, 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062081
Pavlin M, Novak F, Papa G. Low Power Contactless Bioimpedance Sensor for Monitoring Breathing Activity. Sensors. 2021; 21(6):2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062081
Chicago/Turabian StylePavlin, Marko, Franc Novak, and Gregor Papa. 2021. "Low Power Contactless Bioimpedance Sensor for Monitoring Breathing Activity" Sensors 21, no. 6: 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062081