RF Transceiver for the Multi-Mode Radar Applications
<p>Radar detection distance (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math>) according to transmit power and pulse width (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>τ</mi> </semantics></math>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Calculation of maximum detection distance for FMCW radars.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Target range calculation according to frequency modulation time (<span class="html-italic">T</span>) and frequency modulation bandwidth (<span class="html-italic">B</span>) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mi>R</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>250</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> kHz.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Block diagram of the proposed multi-mode radar transceiver.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Block diagram of direct conversion structure transmitter.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>LO leakage generation in direct conversion transmitter.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>CDAC circuit diagram.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>PA and Drive Amplifier (DA) block diagram.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>PA and DA circuits diagram.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Direct conversion receiver architecture.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Disadvantage of direct conversion receiver architecture. (<b>a</b>) Image signal. (<b>b</b>) LO and TX leakage.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Double conversion receiver architecture.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>DC offset cancellation technique in the receiver.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Mixer and Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) circuit diagram in 25% duty cycle.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>50% and 25% duty cycles for differential I and Q phases of the mixer.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Equivalent noise analysis model of proposed mixer.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Equivalent noise analysis using half circuit modeling.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Simulation of LO leakage suppression by the proposed transmitter.</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Maximum gain simulation according to CCC value as in <a href="#sensors-21-01563-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>.</p> "> Figure 20
<p>Front-end P1dB simulation result.</p> "> Figure 21
<p>Front-end gain simulation result.</p> "> Figure 22
<p>IF-stage gain simulation result.</p> "> Figure 23
<p>Blocker P1dB and DC rejection simulation result of proposed receiver.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>Simulation result of blocker P1dB and DC rejection for comparison.</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Noise simulation result for comparison.</p> "> Figure 26
<p>3D modeled double bond wire.</p> "> Figure 27
<p>Simulated Q-factor and inductance of 3D modeled double bond wire.</p> "> Figure 28
<p>Wire bonding matching circuit applying stub circuit.</p> "> Figure 29
<p>RF Front-End S-parameter simulation result including stub circuit.</p> "> Figure 30
<p>Transceiver die micrograph for RADAR System.</p> "> Figure 31
<p>PCB and radar test environment.</p> "> Figure 32
<p>Measurement result of transmitter frequency response.</p> "> Figure 33
<p>LO leakage power according to 8-bit CDAC code. (<b>a</b>) LO leakage according to 8-bit CDAC code; (<b>b</b>) the result of the output spectrum of the transmitter by applying the optimal code.</p> "> Figure 34
<p>Measurement result of transmitter maximum output.</p> "> Figure 35
<p>Bandwidth measurement result of the proposed receiver.</p> "> Figure 36
<p>Receiver RF Front-End P1dB measurement result.</p> "> Figure 37
<p>Measurement result of high-pass filter frequency response. Graph ① is the measurement result with only the DCOC of RF TIA on, and shows the cut-off characteristic of 20 dB/dec and 10 kHz. In the graph ②, two DCOCs were turned on, and the cut-off characteristics of 30 dB/dec and 20 kHz were confirmed. Finally, graph ③ was measured with three DCOCs turned on, and showed cut-off characteristics of 40 dB/dec, 20 kHz, and it was confirmed that the Doppler frequency can be detected properly.</p> "> Figure 38
<p>Measurement result of DCOC cut-off control.</p> "> Figure 39
<p>Measurement result of PGA gain of receiver.</p> "> Figure 40
<p>Noise figure result of conventional and proposed receivers.</p> "> Figure 41
<p>Measurement result of receiver LO leakage.</p> "> Figure 42
<p><math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> measurement and comparison with simulation: transmitter (left), receiver (right).</p> "> Figure 43
<p>Measurement environment for radar test.</p> "> Figure 44
<p>Transmitter output power measurement in CW radar.</p> "> Figure 45
<p>Measurement result of incoming (left) and outgoing targets (right).</p> "> Figure 46
<p>FMCW mode radar test environment.</p> "> Figure 47
<p>Measurement result of a stationary target using FMCW mode.</p> "> Figure 48
<p>Pulse mode radar test environment.</p> "> Figure 49
<p>Measurement result of a stationary target using pulse mode with a hovering drone.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design Requirements for Multi-Mode Radar Transceivers
2.1. Pulse Radar
2.2. FMCW Radar
2.3. CW Radar
2.4. Design Specification Summary
3. Design of the Proposed Transceiver
3.1. Architecture of Direct Conversion Transmitter
3.1.1. LO Leakage Suppression through DAC
3.1.2. Power Amplifier (PA) Design
3.2. Architecture of Receiver
3.2.1. Conventional Receiver Architecture
3.2.2. Proposed Receiver Architecture
3.2.3. Proposed Double Conversion Receiver
3.2.4. LO Leakage and TX Blocker Rejection Technique
4. Simulation & Measurement Results
4.1. Simulation
4.1.1. Transmitter Simulation
4.1.2. Receiver Simulation
4.2. Measurement
4.3. Transceiver Measurement Results
4.3.1. Transmitter Measurement Results
4.3.2. Receiver Measurement Results
4.4. Radar Test
4.4.1. CW Mode
4.4.2. FMCW Mode
4.4.3. Pulse Mode
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Velocity [km/h] Distance [m] | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | (kHz) | (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 32.11 | 64.66 | 97.21 | 129.76 | 162.32 | 162.32 | 32.11 |
20 | 31.66 | 64.22 | 96.77 | 129.32 | 161.87 | 161.87 | 31.66 |
30 | 31.22 | 63.77 | 96.32 | 128.88 | 161.43 | 161.43 | 31.22 |
40 | 30.77 | 63.33 | 95.88 | 128.43 | 160.98 | 160.98 | 30.77 |
50 | 30.33 | 62.88 | 95.43 | 127.99 | 160.54 | 160.54 | 30.33 |
60 | 29.89 | 62.44 | 94.99 | 127.54 | 160.09 | 160.09 | 29.89 |
70 | 29.44 | 61.99 | 94.55 | 127.10 | 159.65 | 159.65 | 29.44 |
80 | 29.00 | 61.55 | 94.10 | 126.65 | 159.20 | 159.20 | 29.00 |
90 | 28.55 | 61.10 | 93.66 | 126.21 | 158.76 | 158.76 | 28.55 |
100 | 28.11 | 60.66 | 93.21 | 125.76 | 158.32 | 158.32 | 28.11 |
No. | Specification | Variable | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Maximum transmission power | 13 | dBm | |
2 | RCS | 0.01 | m | |
3 | Transmit antenna gain | 25 | dB | |
4 | Receive antenna gain | 25 | dB | |
5 | Center frequency | 24 | GHz | |
6 | Transmit wavelength | 0.0125 | m | |
7 | Maximum thermal noise | −144 | dBm/Hz | |
8 | Frequency modulation bandwidth | B | 75 | MHz |
9 | Frequency modulation time | T | 512 | s |
10 | Transmitter bandwidth | - | 75 | MHz |
11 | Receiver bandwidth | - | 75 | MHz |
12 | Maximum noise figure | 12.9 | dB | |
13 | Minimum detectable input signal | −115.1 | dBm | |
14 | Maximum detection distance (pulse) | R | 322 | m |
15 | Maximum detection distance (FMCW) | R | 84 | m |
Design Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Center frequency | [GHz] | 24 |
PA&DA maximum gain | [dB] | 14 |
PGA gain | [dB] | −6 ∼24 |
OP1dB | [dBm] | 7 |
Maximum output power | [dBm] | 13 |
at TX output | [dB] | <−10 |
LO leakage rejection | [dB] | 30 |
Bandwidth | [MHz] | 75 |
Supply voltage | [V] | 1.2 |
Current consumption | [mA] | <86 |
Design Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Frequency | [GHz] | 23.4∼26 |
Noise figure | [dB] | 7.5∼12.5 |
3-stage LNA gain | [dB] | 10∼30 |
1st&2nd mixer gain (TIA included) | [dB] | 14 ∼20 |
Baseband gain | [dB] | −18∼36 |
Blocker IP1dB | [dBm] | −36∼−22.5 |
IIP3 | [dBm] | −26∼−12.5 |
(RF) | [dB] | <−30 |
HPF cutoff frequency | [kHz] | 3 or 160 |
LPF cutoff frequency | [MHz] | 10∼80 |
Chopping frequency | [MHz] | 1.25∼40 |
DC rejection | [dB] | 15∼30 |
Supply voltage | [V] | 1.2 |
Current consumption | [mA] | 120 |
Spec. | Unit | This Work | [21] | [22] | [23] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TX | RX | ||||||
Process | nm | 65 CMOS | 65 CMOS | 180 CMOS | 180 CMOS | 180 CMOS | |
Architecture | - | Direct | Direct | Double | Double | Direct | Direct |
Frequency | GHz | 24 | 23 | 23 | 2.14 | 10.5 | 2.5 |
NF @100 Hz | dB | - | 35 | 15 | - | - | - |
NF @100 kHz | dB | - | 22 | 12 | 16 | - | - |
NF @1 MHz | dB | - | 17 | 5 | 6.2 | - | - |
NFmin | dB | - | 17 | 5 | 6.2 | 11.5 | 2.8 |
Gain | dB | 23 | 66 | 68.5 | 44 | −4.5 | 62 |
IP1dB | dBm | −7 | −54 | −60 | - | - | - |
OP1dB | dBm | 6.5 | 10 | 7 | - | - | - |
DC Rejection | dB | - | - | 35 | - | - | - |
LO Leakage Rejection | dB | 37 | - | - | - | - | - |
LO Leakage | dBm | −2.5 | −28 | - | - | - | |
BW | GHz | 0.07 | 2 | 0.003 | - | 0.02 | |
Supply Voltage | V | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | |
Current | mA | 86 | 99 | 15 | 24 | 14 |
Mode | Variable | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
pulse | Tx power | −20 | dBm |
2 | ms | ||
PRF | 250 | Hz | |
Detection range | 20∼100 | m | |
Target | Drone, people | - | |
FMCW | Tx power | 6.5 | dBm |
B | 75 | MHz | |
T | 50 | s | |
R | 25 | m | |
150∼400 | kHz | ||
Detection range | 15∼40 | m | |
Target | Metal square object | - | |
CW | Tx power | 8.8 | dBm |
Doppler Frequency | ±300 | Hz | |
Target | Drone, people | - |
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Ha, J.K.; Noh, C.K.; Lee, J.S.; Kang, H.J.; Kim, Y.M.; Kim, T.H.; Jung, H.N.; Lee, S.H.; Cho, C.S.; Kim, Y.J. RF Transceiver for the Multi-Mode Radar Applications. Sensors 2021, 21, 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051563
Ha JK, Noh CK, Lee JS, Kang HJ, Kim YM, Kim TH, Jung HN, Lee SH, Cho CS, Kim YJ. RF Transceiver for the Multi-Mode Radar Applications. Sensors. 2021; 21(5):1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051563
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Jae Kwon, Chang Kyun Noh, Jin Seop Lee, Ho Jin Kang, Yu Min Kim, Tae Hyun Kim, Ha Neul Jung, Sang Hwan Lee, Choon Sik Cho, and Young Jin Kim. 2021. "RF Transceiver for the Multi-Mode Radar Applications" Sensors 21, no. 5: 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051563