Towards Easy-to-Use Bacteria Sensing: Modeling and Simulation of a New Environmental Impedimetric Biosensor in Fluids
<p>(<b>a</b>) Electrode configuration and used nomenclature in this work. Polyimide acts as an insulator between the electrodes (<b>b</b>) Designed 3D structures for Gathering and Detection of Bacteria</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Concept of Bacteria Interfering with the Displacement Field: (<b>a</b>) A 2D two-electrode simulation of the displacement field when applying an external potential. (<b>b</b>) A circular model of a bacteria interacting with the displacement field between the electrodes. First, bacteria re attracted by applying DC potentials to the electrodes. In a second step, the read-out follows via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using AC potentials. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Displacement of the electric field in the center of the model in 1D with and without bacteria. The plot is evaluated along the dashed line in the model, starting from the center as indicated in (<b>a</b>). The color scale indicates low potentials (blue) to high potentials (red).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>FEM Electric Field Simulations for Substrate Material Selection. (<b>a</b>) Solid substrates. The left side indicates aluminum oxide. The right-hand side shows the electrical field for borosilicate glass. (<b>b</b>) Flexible Substrate PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate). Corresponding dielectric constants have been added to the desired parts. The color scale indicates low potentials (blue) to high potentials (red).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Optical micrographs of fabricated structures based on the models in the theory section and <a href="#sensors-21-01487-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Periodicity of Multiple Electrodes: (<b>a</b>) Potential plot of five electrodes with two outer guard electrodes. (<b>b</b>) Streamline plot showing electrical field lines and possible asymmetries. (<b>c</b>) Contour Plot. The color scale indicates low potentials (blue) to high potentials (red) but is reversible for the purpose on estimating field distributions. The stack follows the same partitioning as in <a href="#sensors-21-01487-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Towards full mathematical evaluation of 3D simulations: Definition of quality factor. COMSOL Multiphysics© gives a numerical solution to the Maxwell equations. The potential in each single point of the 3D model is calculated and can be used to derive electrical gradients in the mesh. W represents the distance from line contact edge to middle of zigzag contact; I is the distance from peak to valley; and h is the height of interest volume.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Distributions of Gradient Lengths across Volume of Interest, the Influence of Configuration of the Electrodes and the Role of Excitation Amplitude: (<b>a</b>) The role of excitation amplitude for the gradient length ranges from 10 mV (bottom line) to 300 mV (step size 20 mV in a single, center point of the model. (<b>b</b>) Using the concept of the quality factor a histogram depicts the full 3D distributions of gradient lengths in the simulated model ZF. The electrodes are configured in way that the bottom ones directly on the substrate are on ground. (<b>c</b>) Switching the configuration on the same model exhibits a different configuration.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Comparison of Field Distributions on T-,S-, Z and ZF-shaped 3D Structure of the Sensor Layer. A modified version of the Z-model with connected bottom electrodes is included, called ZF-structure. A four-electrode setup is used for shielding purposes. The nomenclature of the electrode configurations is given on the left side and shows the big impact on how the potentials are applied to each electrode. Unmentioned electrodes are kept on floating potential. The color scale indicates low potentials (blue) to high potentials (red).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction and State of the Art
2. Materials and Methods
3. Theory
4. Results
4.1. Concept and Verification of Bacteria Detection
4.2. Material Choice
4.3. 3D Electrode Designs
4.4. Periodicity of Multiple Electrodes
4.5. Definition of Quality Factor in 3D
4.6. Full Evaluation of 3D Models, the Role of Configurations and Excitation Amplitude
4.7. Sensor Layer Geometry Comparison between T-Shape, S-Shape, Z-Shape and ZF-Shape
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DC | Direct Current |
AC | Alternating Current |
IDA | Interdigitated Electrode Array |
EIS | Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
FEM | Finite-Element Method |
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Type | Electrode Configuration | QF | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|
S | E1 = E3 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 1.28014 | 7 |
S | E2 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 1.66557 | 6 |
T | E1 = E3 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 1.95682 | 4 |
T | E2 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 2.35999 | 3 |
Z | E1 = E3 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 1.83386 | 5 |
Z | E2 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 2.93997 | 2 |
ZF | E1 = E3 = 0 E4 = 10 mV | 3.23390 | 1 |
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Pfeffer, C.; Liang, Y.; Grothe, H.; Wolf, B.; Brederlow, R. Towards Easy-to-Use Bacteria Sensing: Modeling and Simulation of a New Environmental Impedimetric Biosensor in Fluids. Sensors 2021, 21, 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041487
Pfeffer C, Liang Y, Grothe H, Wolf B, Brederlow R. Towards Easy-to-Use Bacteria Sensing: Modeling and Simulation of a New Environmental Impedimetric Biosensor in Fluids. Sensors. 2021; 21(4):1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041487
Chicago/Turabian StylePfeffer, Christian, Yue Liang, Helmut Grothe, Bernhard Wolf, and Ralf Brederlow. 2021. "Towards Easy-to-Use Bacteria Sensing: Modeling and Simulation of a New Environmental Impedimetric Biosensor in Fluids" Sensors 21, no. 4: 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041487