Photonic Voltage Transducer with Lightning Impulse Protection for Distributed Monitoring of MV Networks
<p>Construction of the first prototype photonic voltage transducer for medium voltage (MV) networks.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Failure of the first prototype MV photonic voltage transducer (PVT) after a series of lightning impulses that caused excessive accelerations, resulting in internal forces that exceeded the material’s mechanical strength. The picture illustrates the shattered piezoelectric transducer, taken out from the disassembled sensor unit, still partially covered with dielectric gel. The piezoelectric stack broken apart (<b>a</b>) and shattered piezoelectric component with a visible crater (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Equivalent circuit diagram of the piezoelectric stack (C and R) and lightning impulse attenuator, L, R<sub>L</sub> and R<sub>1</sub>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Bode and step response plots for the different inductor parameters. The parallel resistor R<sub>1</sub> and the piezo stack settings remained constant.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Bode and step response plots for the different parallel resistance values. The inductor (1 H, 350 Ω) and the piezo stack settings remained constant.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Bode and step response plots for the different parallel resistance values. The inductor (10 H, 3.5 kΩ) and the piezo stack settings remained constant.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>MATLAB simulation results for the circuit response to a lightning impulse with 75 kV peak voltage. The parallel resistance is 4 kΩ. (V_IN—input 1.2/50 µs lightning impulse; V_C—voltage across the piezoelectric component; V_L—voltage across the inductor; I_R—current through the parallel resistor; I_L—current through the inductor).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>MATLAB simulation results for the circuit response to a lightning impulse with 75 kV peak voltage. The inductance is 1 H and the parallel resistance is 200 kΩ.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>MATLAB simulation results for circuit response to a lightning impulse with 75 kV peak voltage. The inductance is 10 H and the parallel resistance is 150 kΩ.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>MV PVT inner components: (<b>a</b>) general view; and (<b>b</b>) simplified transducer geometry implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics<sup>®</sup>.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Reaction of a piezoelectric component to applied force or voltage [<a href="#B16-sensors-20-04830" class="html-bibr">16</a>]: poling direction (<b>a</b>), compression applied to the material in the poling direction generates voltage of the same polarity as the poling voltage (<b>b</b>); tension applied to the material in the poling direction generates voltage of the opposite polarity to the poling voltage (<b>c</b>); voltage of the same polarity as the poling voltage causes the material extension in the direction of the poling voltage (<b>d</b>); voltage of the opposite polarity as the poling voltage causes the material contraction in the direction of the poling voltage (<b>e</b>).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Instantaneous terminal voltage, stress and strain in the stack when subjected to a nominal 6.35 kV (RMS) voltage. Stress and strain are measured on the surface of the stack in the middle of its thickness.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Cut plane through the centre of the stack: (<b>a</b>) stress distribution in the material is shown at a positive voltage of 9 kV; (<b>b</b>) compressive (red) and tensile (blue) stress regions in the stack at 9 kV.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Stress and strain in the undamped stack when subjected to 1.2/50 µs 75 kV positive (<b>left</b>) and negative lightning impulses (<b>right</b>). The tensile stress limit of 10 MPa is marked by a black dotted line (the terminal voltage is the voltage applied to the top electrode of the stack.).</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Stress and strain in the undamped stack when subjected to attenuated 75 kV positive (<b>left</b>) and negative (<b>right</b>) lightning impulses. The tensile stress limit of 10 MPa is marked by a black dotted line (the terminal voltage is the voltage applied to the top electrode of the stack.).</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Stress and strain in the undamped stack when subjected to 1.2/50 µs 60 kV positive (<b>left</b>) and negative lightning impulses (<b>right</b>). The tensile stress limit of 10 MPa is marked by a black dotted line (the terminal voltage is the voltage applied to the top electrode of the stack.)</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Stress and strain in the undamped stack when subjected to attenuated 60 kV positive (<b>left</b>) and negative (<b>right</b>) lightning impulses. The tensile stress limit of 10 MPa is marked by a black dotted line. (The terminal voltage is the voltage applied to the top electrode of the stack.).</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Stress and strain in the undamped stack when subjected to 1.2/50 µs 45 kV positive (<b>left</b>) and negative lightning impulses (<b>right</b>). The tensile stress limit of 10 MPa is marked by a black dotted line. (The terminal voltage is the voltage applied to the top electrode of the stack.).</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Schematic diagram of the attenuator electrical connections (winding diameter and the components are not drawn to scale).</p> "> Figure 20
<p>Lightning impulse attenuator assembly.</p> "> Figure 21
<p>MATLAB simulation results for the circuit response to a lightning impulse with 75 kV peak voltage. The coil inductance is 18.4 H, its resistance is 3.65 kΩ and the parallel resistance is 150 kΩ.</p> "> Figure 22
<p>Bode and step response plots for the final lightning impulse attenuator. The coil inductance is 18.4 H, its resistance is 3.65 kΩ and the parallel resistance is 150 kΩ.</p> "> Figure 23
<p>MV PVT improved design.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>Lightning impulse voltage tests.</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Experimental setup for MV voltage sensors calibration and testing.</p> "> Figure 26
<p>MV PVT calibration curve.</p> "> Figure 27
<p>MV PVT voltage errors. The error limits for the 0.2 metering class are marked by the red lines for the range of 80–120% of the sensor rated voltage (6.35 kV). The 3P protection class limits are marked by the blue lines.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Photonic Voltage Transducer Design and Construction
2.1. Design Requirements
2.2. Piezoelectric Transduser Lightning Impulse Testing
2.3. Lightning Impulse Attenuator Requirements
2.4. Frequency and Step Response Simulations
2.5. Lightning Waveform Simulations
2.6. Finite Element Analysis
2.7. Lightning Impulse Attenuator Construction
- A coil wound on a dedicated former;
- A ferromagnetic core made of ferrite toroids;
- High voltage (HV) resistors connected in parallel with the coil.
2.7.1. Attenuator Design
2.7.2. Inductor Construction
2.7.3. PVT Assembly
2.7.4. Lightning Impulse Tests
3. Sensor Calibration and Accuracy Testing
3.1. Experimental Setup
3.2. Sensor Calibration and Accuracy Testing
3.3. Accuracy Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Dataset
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DMM | digital multimeter |
DUT | device under test |
FBG | fiber Bragg grating |
GPIB | general purpose interface bus |
HV | high voltage |
ID/OD | inner diameter/outer diameter |
IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
MV | medium voltage |
PC | personal computer |
PEEK | polyether ether ketone |
PVT | photonic voltage transducer |
RMS | root mean square |
USB | universal serial bus |
VD | voltage divider |
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Primary Rated Voltage (kV) | Voltage Factor 1.2 (kV) | Voltage Factor 1.5 (kV) | Highest Voltage for Equipment (rms) (kV) | Rated Power-Frequency withstand Voltage (rms) (kV) | Rated Lightning-Impulse withstand Voltage (peak) (kV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.35 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 12 | 28 | 60 or 75 |
Accuracy Class | Up/Upn | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 5 | X (1) | |||||||
εu % ± | φe Minutes ± | φe Centiradians ± | εu % ± | φe Minutes ± | φe Centiradians ± | εu % ± | φe Minutes ± | φe Centiradians ± | |
3P | 6 | 240 | 7 | 3 | 120 | 3.5 | 3 | 120 | 3.5 |
6P | 12 | 480 | 14 | 6 | 240 | 7 | 6 | 240 | 7 |
Accuracy Class | εu Percentage Voltage (Ratio) Error ± | φe Phase Error ± | |
---|---|---|---|
Minutes | Centiradians | ||
0.1 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.15 |
0.2 | 0.2 | 10 | 0.3 |
0.5 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.6 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 1.2 |
3.0 | 3.0 | Not specified |
Cross-Sectional Area (mm2) | 1256 |
---|---|
Thickness (mm) | 40 |
Piezoelectric charge constant d33 (pm/V) | 265 |
Resistance Rp (MΩ) | 200 |
Capacitance Cp (nF) | 0.33 |
Strain-to-voltage sensitivity (nε/V) | 13.3 |
Maximum permissible electric field strength of the material (kV/mm) | 2.5 |
Maximum compressive stress (MPa) | 100 |
Maximum tensile stress (MPa) | 10 |
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Fusiek, G.; Niewczas, P. Photonic Voltage Transducer with Lightning Impulse Protection for Distributed Monitoring of MV Networks. Sensors 2020, 20, 4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174830
Fusiek G, Niewczas P. Photonic Voltage Transducer with Lightning Impulse Protection for Distributed Monitoring of MV Networks. Sensors. 2020; 20(17):4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174830
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusiek, Grzegorz, and Pawel Niewczas. 2020. "Photonic Voltage Transducer with Lightning Impulse Protection for Distributed Monitoring of MV Networks" Sensors 20, no. 17: 4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174830