Real Time Monitoring of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation Reaction by Using Corrosion Resistant Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors
<p>(<b>a</b>) Magnetoelastic resonance curves measured at <span class="html-italic">H</span> = 517 A/m, and (<b>b</b>) dependence of the resonant frequency (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) with the applied magnetic field, for the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>73</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> strip measured in air and when it is immersed in distilled water.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Calibration curve obtained from the changes in the resonance frequency of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mn>73</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> resonator (measured in air), caused by different calcium oxalate mass depositions on its surface. Black dots represent the measured calibration points. The solid red line represents a fit to the second order expression of Equation (3), with coefficients <span class="html-italic">a<sub>1</sub></span> = −9.8 kHz/mg and <span class="html-italic">a<sub>2</sub></span> = 1.1 kHz/mg<sup>2</sup>.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Measured magnetoelastic resonance curves of the sensor at different times during the precipitation process for solutions of oxalic acid and calcium chloride with concentrations of (<b>a</b>) 30 mM and (<b>b</b>) 100 mM.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Temporal evolution of the amplitude (mV) of the measured signal (resonance amplitude), as the precipitation reaction progressed and precipitate crystals were deposited on the sensor surface. Curves are shown for different reactant concentrations (30 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM), and a control test (sensor in a vial with distilled water). Linear fits of the initial slope of each voltage curve are shown in dashed lines.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Change of the magnetoelastic resonance frequency measured during the precipitation process for different reactant concentrations (30, 50 and 100 mM) and for the control test curve (sensor in a vial with distilled water). (<b>b</b>) Deposited mass of calcium oxalate crystals on the sensor during the reaction of precipitation for different reactant concentrations (30 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM), with the mass determination error. The actual measurements are plotted in light color. Intense solid curves correspond to smoothed data.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Magnetic and Magnetoelastic Materials Characterization
2.2. Sensor Calibration
2.3. Calcium Oxalate Precipitation
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Luborsky, F.E. Amorphous ferromagnets. In Ferromagnetic Materials; Wohlfart, E.P., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1980; Volume 1, ISBN 0-444-85311-1. [Google Scholar]
- Squire, P.T. Magnetomechanical measurements of magnetically soft amorphous materials. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1994, 5, 67–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marín, P.; Marcos, M.; Hernando, A. High magnetomechanical coupling on magnetic microwire for sensors with biological applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 262512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grimes, C.A.; Mungle, C.S.; Zeng, K.; Jain, M.K.; Dreschel, W.R.; Paulose, M.; Ong, G.K. Wireless magnetoelastic resonance sensors: A critical review. Sensors 2002, 2, 294–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stoyanov, P.G.; Grimes, C.A. A remote query magnetostrictive viscosity sensor. Sens. Actuator A Phys. 2000, 80, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouropoulos, N.; Kouzoudis, D.; Grimes, C. The real-time, in situ monitoring of calcium oxalate and brushite precipitation using magnetoelastic sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2005, 109, 227–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, A.K. Kidney Stones. In Decision Making in Medicine, 3rd ed.; Mushlin, S.B., Greene, H.L., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010; pp. 364–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curhan, G.C. Section XI: Renal and Genitourinary Diseases, Chapter 128 Nephrolithiasis. In Goldman’s Cecil Medicine, 24th ed.; Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 789–794. ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7. [Google Scholar]
- Pak, C.Y.; Sakhaee, K.; Moe, O.W.; Poindexter, J.; Adams-Huet, B. Defining hypercalciuria in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2011, 80, 777–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Robertson, W.G.; Peacock, M. The cause of idiopathic calcium stone disease: Hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria? Nephron 1980, 26, 105–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Massey, L.K.; Roman-Smith, H.; Sutton, R.A. Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 1993, 93, 901–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hallson, P.C.; Rose, A. Chemical measurement of calcium oxalate crystalluria: Results in various causes of calcium urolithiasis. Urol. Int. 1990, 45, 332–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robertson, W.G.; Scurr, D.S.; Bridge, C.M. Factors influencing the crystallisation of calcium oxalate in urine-critique. J. Cryst. Growth 1981, 53, 182–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanković, A.; Šafranko, S.; Kontrec, J.; Njegić-Džakula, B.; Lyons, D.M.; Marković, B.; Kralj, D. Calcium Oxalate Precipitation in Model Systems Mimicking the Conditions of Hyperoxaluria. Cryst. Res. Technol. 2019, 54, 1800210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagasti, A.; Lopes, A.C.; Lasheras, A.; Palomares, V.; Carrizo, J.; Gutiérrez, J.; Barandiarán, J.M. Corrosion resistant metallic glasses for biosensing applications. AIP Adv. 2018, 8, 047702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sagasti, A.; Palomares, V.; Porro, J.M.; Orúe, I.; Sánchez-Ilarduya, M.B.; Lopes, A.C.; Gutiérrez, J. Magnetic, Magnetoelastic and Corrosion Resistant Properties of (Fe–Ni)-Based Metallic Glasses for Structural Health Monitoring Applications. Materials 2020, 13, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sagasti, A.; Gutiérrez, J.; Lasheras, A.; Barandiarán, J.M. Size dependence of the magnetoelastic properties of metallic glasses for actuation applications. Sensors 2019, 19, 4296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gutiérrez, J.; Lasheras, A.; Martins, P.; Pereira, N.; Barandiaran, J.M.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Metallic glass/PVDF magnetoelectric laminates for resonant sensors and actuators: A review. Sensors 2017, 17, 1251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. Elastic waves. In Theory of Elasticity; Oxford Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1975; p. 116. [Google Scholar]
- Savage, H.; Abbundi, R. Perpendicular susceptibility, magnetomechanical coupling and shear modulus in Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe2. IEEE Trans. Mag. 1978, 14, 545–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Metglas® Inc. Magnetic Materials. Available online: https://metglas.com/magnetic-materials/ (accessed on 10 December 2019).
- Metglas® Inc. Available online: https://metglas.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Metglas-Alloy-2826MB3-Iron-Nickel-Based-Alloy.pdf (accessed on 27 January 2020).
- Sagasti, A. Functionalized Magnetoelastic Resonant Platforms for Chemical and Biological Detection Purposes. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain, March 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Sagasti, A.; Gutiérrez, J.; San Sebastián, M.; Barandiarán, J.M. Magnetoelastic Resonators for Highly Specific Chemical and Biological Detection: A Critical Study. IEEE Trans. Mag. 2017, 53, 4000604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, S.; Grimes, C.A. Characterization of nano-dimensional thin-film elastic moduli using magnetoelastic sensors. Sens. Actuator A Phys. 2001, 94, 189–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aqion. Available online: https://www.aqion.de/site/168 (accessed on 16 March 2020).
- Pankow, J.F. Aquatic Chemistry Concepts, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019; p. 220. [Google Scholar]
- Xyla, A.G.; Koutsoukos, P.G. Effect of diphosphonates on the precipitation of calcium-carbonate in aqueous solutions. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 F 1987, 83, 1477–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sisniega, B.; Sagasti Sedano, A.; Gutiérrez, J.; García-Arribas, A. Real Time Monitoring of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation Reaction by Using Corrosion Resistant Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors. Sensors 2020, 20, 2802. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102802
Sisniega B, Sagasti Sedano A, Gutiérrez J, García-Arribas A. Real Time Monitoring of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation Reaction by Using Corrosion Resistant Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors. Sensors. 2020; 20(10):2802. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102802
Chicago/Turabian StyleSisniega, Beatriz, Ariane Sagasti Sedano, Jon Gutiérrez, and Alfredo García-Arribas. 2020. "Real Time Monitoring of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation Reaction by Using Corrosion Resistant Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors" Sensors 20, no. 10: 2802. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102802