Pulse-Width Multiplexing ϕ-OTDR for Nuisance-Alarm Rate Reduction
"> Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of the pulse-width multiplexing method.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Examples of the optical structure. LS, laser source; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; PD, photodetector.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Experimental setup for determining the influence of the pulse-width on SNR. SOA, semiconductor optical amplifier.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Experimental setup for determining the influence of the pulse-width on SNR. SOA, semiconductor optical amplifier.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Experimental setup for characterizing the pulse-width multiplexing <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>ϕ</mi> </semantics></math>-OTDR system.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Detection times and corresponding averaged SNR at different pulse-widths.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The waveforms of H at different pulse-width.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle
2.1. Influence of the Pulse-Width
2.2. Optical Structure
2.3. Multisensor Data Fusion Algorithm
3. Experimental Setup
3.1. Influence of the Pulse-Width
3.2. Four-Pulse-Width Multiplexing -OTDR System
4. Experimental Results and Discussion
4.1. Influence of Pulse-Width
4.2. Results of the Four-Pulse-Width Multiplexing -OTDR System
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Taylor, H.F.; Lee, C.E. Apparatus and Method for Fiber Optic Intrusion Sensing. U.S. Patent 5,194,847, 16 March 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, J.; Pan, Z.; Ye, Q.; Cai, H.; Qu, R.; Fang, Z. Characteristics and Explanations of Interference Fading of a ϕ-OTDR with a Multi-Frequency Source. J. Lightw. Technol. 2013, 31, 2947–2954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juarez, J.; Maier, E.; Choi, K.; Taylor, H. Distributed Fiber-Optic Intrusion Sensor System. J. Lightw. Technol. 2005, 23, 2081–2087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Zhu, T.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Distributed Vibration Sensor Based on Coherent Detection of Phase-OTDR. J. Lightw. Technol. 2010, 28, 3243–3249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, Z.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Wavelet Denoising Method for Improving Detection Performance of Distributed Vibration Sensor. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2012, 24, 542–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Zhang, C.; Li, L.; Zhong, X. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement of Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry Based on Power Spectrum Analysis. Opt. Eng. 2014, 53, 026106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, H.; Pan, C.; Sun, X. Vibration Pattern Recognition and Classification in OTDR Based Distributed Optical-Fiber Vibration Sensing System. Proc. SPIE 2014, 9062, 906205. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Q.; Feng, H.; Yan, X.; Zeng, Z. Recognition of a Phase-Sensitivity OTDR Sensing System Based on Morphologic Feature Extraction. Sensors 2015, 15, 15179–15197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhu, T.; Xiao, X.; He, Q.; Diao, D. Enhancement of SNR and Spatial Resolution in ϕ-OTDR System by Using Two-Dimensional Edge Detection Method. J. Lightw. Technol. 2013, 31, 2851–2856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, Y.J.; Li, J.Z.; Ran, Z.L.; Xie, K.L. Distributed Intrusion Detection Based on Combination of ϕ-OTDR and POTDR. Proc. SPIE 2008, 7004, 700461. [Google Scholar]
- Liang, S.; Sheng, X.; Lou, S.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, K. Combination of Phase-Sensitive OTDR and Michelson Interferometer for Nuisance Alarm Rate Reducing and Event Identification. IEEE Photon. J. 2016, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, T.; He, Q.; Xiao, X.; Bao, X. Modulated Pulses Based Distributed Vibration Sensing with High Frequency Response and Spatial Resolution. Opt. Express 2013, 21, 2953–2963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, Y.; Feng, H.; Zeng, Z. Distributed Fiber Sensing System with Wide Frequency Response and Accurate Location. Opt. Laser Eng. 2016, 77, 219–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, H.; Shao, L.Y.; Luo, B.; Li, Z.; Zou, X.; Zhang, Z.; Pan, W.; Yan, L. Multiple Vibrations Measurement Using Phase-Sensitive OTDR Merged With Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Frequency Division Multiplexing. Opt. Express 2016, 24, 4842–4855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, S.; Sheng, X.; Lou, S. Experimental Investigation on Lower Nuisance Alarm Rate Phase-Sensitive OTDR Using the Combination of a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. Infrared Phys. Technol. 2016, 75, 117–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koyamada, Y.; Imahama, M.; Kubota, K.; Hogari, K. Fiber-Optic Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing with Very High Measurand Resolution over Long Range Using Coherent OTDR. J. Lightw. Technol. 2009, 27, 1142–1146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, X.; Zhang, C.; Li, L.; Liang, S.; Li, H.; Sun, C. Influences of Pulse on Phase-Sensitivity Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Based Distributed Vibration Sensor. Opt. Commun. 2016, 361, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, X.; Zhang, C.; Li, L.; Liang, S.; Li, Q.; Lu, Q.; Ding, X.; Cao, Q. Influences of Laser Source on Phase-Sensitivity Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer-Based Distributed Intrusion Sensor. Appl. Opt. 2014, 53, 4645–4650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dousset, B.; Gourmelon, F. Satellite Multi-Sensor Data Analysis of Urban Surface Temperatures and Landcover. Isprs J. Photogramm. 2003, 58, 43–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, J.; Zhuang, D.; Huang, Y.; Fu, J. Advances in Multi-Sensor Data Fusion: Algorithms and Applications. Sensors 2009, 9, 7771–7784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hyde, P.; Dubayah, R.; Walker, W.; Blair, J.; Hofton, M.; Hunsaker, C. Mapping Forest Structure for Wildlife Habitat Analysis Using Multi-Sensor (LiDAR, SAR/InSAR, ETM Plus, Quickbird) Synergy. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 102, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gravina, R.; Alinia, P.; Ghasemzadeh, H.; Fortino, G. Multi-Sensor Fusion in Body Sensor Networks: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges. Inform. Fusion 2017, 35, 68–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joussleme, A.L.; Grenier, D.; Bosse, E. A New Distance between Two Bodies of Evidence. Inform. Fusion 2001, 2, 91–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pulse-Width | 100 ns | 200 ns | 300 ns | 400 ns | 500 ns | 600 ns | 700 ns | 800 ns | 900 ns | 1000 ns |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
False-alarm times | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 8 | 14 | 13 |
(a) Fusion Results with a Missing Alarm | ||||
Pulse-Width | ||||
0.2 s | 0 | 0.200 | 0 | 0.800 |
0.4 s | 0.544 | 0 | 0.456 | 0 |
0.6 s | 0.717 | 0 | 0.283 | 0 |
0.8 s | 0.852 | 0 | 0.148 | 0 |
Fusion results | 0.970 | 0 | 0.030 | 0 |
(b) Fusion Results with a False Alarm | ||||
Pulse-Width | ||||
0.2 s | 0 | 0.200 | 0 | 0.800 |
0.4 s | 0 | 0.200 | 0 | 0.800 |
0.6 s | 0 | 0.200 | 0 | 0.800 |
0.8 s | 0.553 | 0 | 0.447 | 0 |
Fusion results | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.996 |
Optical Structure | Traditional -OTDR | Four-Channel -OTDR | Four-Pulse-Width -OTDR |
---|---|---|---|
Knocking times | 500 | 500 | 500 |
Detection times | 452 | 473 | 489 |
False alarm | 7 | 5 | 2 |
Missing-alarm rate | |||
False-alarm rate | 2.6 times/km/month | 1.9 times/km/month | 0.7 times/km/month |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhong, X.; Gao, X.; Deng, H.; Zhao, S.; Ma, M.; Zhang, J.; Li, J. Pulse-Width Multiplexing ϕ-OTDR for Nuisance-Alarm Rate Reduction. Sensors 2018, 18, 3509. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103509
Zhong X, Gao X, Deng H, Zhao S, Ma M, Zhang J, Li J. Pulse-Width Multiplexing ϕ-OTDR for Nuisance-Alarm Rate Reduction. Sensors. 2018; 18(10):3509. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103509
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Xiang, Xicheng Gao, Huaxia Deng, Shisong Zhao, Mengchao Ma, Jin Zhang, and Jianquan Li. 2018. "Pulse-Width Multiplexing ϕ-OTDR for Nuisance-Alarm Rate Reduction" Sensors 18, no. 10: 3509. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103509