A Wearable Textile Thermograph
<p>Photographs of prototype temperature-sensing yarn manufacturing process. (<b>a</b>) An eight-strand copper wire was soldered onto the thermistor; (<b>b</b>) the thermistor, copper wire and two polyester yarns were encapsulated with 9-20801 resin with 0.87 mm thickness; (<b>c</b>) the final yarn with the position of the thermistor indicated by a needle.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Photographs of the plate of the dry bath showing the positioning of the samples and the thermistors.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Photograph of the experimental setup used to investigate the effects of holding the temperature sensing yarn at different heights above the dry bath surface.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The eight temperature sensing positioned within the temperature sensing fabric covered various materials. (<b>a</b>) A knitted fabric; (<b>b</b>) a knitted spacer fabric; (<b>c</b>) an aluminum plate.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Experimental setup to measure temperature from the Beaker containing Ionised water.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The experimental setup used for the moisture absorption experiment using the M/K GATS system.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Displays the four preliminary experiments conducted on the temperature-sensing fabric where (<b>a</b>) the fabric was left to rest, (<b>b</b>) a weight of 1 kg was used to compress the fabric, (<b>c</b>) the fabric was bent and (<b>d</b>) the fabric was stretched using the Z 2.5 Zwick/Roell tensile testing machine.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) A photograph of the textile thermograph. (<b>b</b>) A schematic of the textile thermograph.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Thermistor samples encapsulated within resin micro-pods created with thermally conductive (9-20801) resin. (<b>a</b>) The effect of increasing the plate temperature on the temperature recorded by the thermistor and the samples (0.87 mm 9-20801 resin and 1.53 mm 9-20801 resin); (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperatures recorded by the samples compared to the thermistor temperature, showing the deviations from the expected values. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Temperature sensing yarns created using thermally conductive (9-20801) resin micro-pods. (<b>a</b>) The effects of increasing the plate temperature on the temperature recorded by the thermistor and the temperature-sensing yarns; (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperatures recorded by the samples compared to the thermistor temperature. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature measurements of the temperature-sensing yarn when it is held at different heights above the surface of the dry bath; (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperatures recorded by the temperature-sensing yarns compared to the thermistor temperature. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The relationship between the measurement error (calculated using Equation (1)) and the distance of the temperature-sensing yarn from the surface of the dry bath. The dotted line shows a linear data fitting. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature measurements taken from the temperature-sensing yarns positioned within the temperature-sensing fabric; (<b>b</b>) the difference in-between the temperature recorded by the temperature-sensing yarn in the temperature-sensing fabric compared to the thermistor temperature. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature measurements from the temperature sensing yarns positioned within the temperature sensing fabric at different ambient temperature; (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperature recorded by the temperature sensing yarn in the temperature sensing fabric compared to the thermistor temperature. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature measurements from the temperature-sensing yarns positioned within the temperature-sensing fabric when it is covered using different materials; (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperature-sensing yarn measurements and the thermistor measurements. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>(<b>a</b>) Effects of relative humidity on the temperature measurements of the temperature-sensing yarn (the average temperature recorded by the eight temperature-sensing yarn has been plotted) in the temperature sensing fabric; (<b>b</b>) the difference between the temperature-sensing yarn measurements and the thermistor measurements at different humidities. The lines shown in the graphs are not a data fitting but intended as a guide for the eye. The error bars shown in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Temperature measurements when the temperature-sensing yarns were immersed in a beaker of water. The temperature recorded by the k type thermocouple is plotted in orange, the average temperature plotted by the temperature-sensing yarns are plotted in blue and the confidence intervals (95% confidence) for the temperature sensing yarns are plotted in black.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>(<b>a</b>) Presents the temperature captured by the three temperature-sensing yarns and the thermocouples when the water was absorbed by the temperature-sensing fabric and when it is left to dry; (<b>b</b>) the rate at which the water absorbed by the temperature-sensing fabric.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yarn Fabrication
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Method to Analyse the Temperature Measurements
2.4. Understanding the Effects of Poor Contact between the Yarn and the Surface Being Measured
2.5. Temperature Sensing Yarn Positioned in a Textile Fabric
2.6. Understanding the Effects of Ambient Temperature
2.7. Reducing Ambient Temperature Effects by Covering the Fabric with Different Materials
2.8. Effects of Humidity on the Temperature Sensing Fabric
2.9. Identifying the Effects of Moisture on the Temperature Sensing Fabric
Experiment to Understand the Effects of Absorption and Evaporation
2.10. Identifying the Effects of Bending, Compression, and Stretching on the Temperature Sensing Fabric
2.11. Prototype Textile Thermograph
3. Results
3.1. Identifying the Effects of the Fabrication of the Yarn on the Temperature Measurements of the Thermistor
3.1.1. Effect of Using Thermally Conductive Resin to Form Micro-Pod
3.1.2. Identifying the Effect of the Packing Fibres and the Circular Warp Knitted Structure (Knit Braid) on the Temperature Measurements
3.2. Understanding the Effects of Positioning Temperature Sensing Yarn at Different Distances above the Surface Being Measured
3.3. Temperature Sensing Yarn Positioned in a Knitted Fabric
3.4. Understanding the Effects of Ambient Temperature
3.5. Reducing Ambient Temperature Effects by Covering the Fabric with Different Materials
3.6. Effects of Humidity on the Temperature Sensing Yarns Positioned within the Temperature Sensing Fabric
3.7. Effects of Moisture on the Temperature Sensing Yarns Positioned within the Temperature Sensing Fabric
Identifying the Effects of Moisture Absorption and Evaporation
3.8. Identifying the Effects of Compression, Bending and Stretching on the Temperature Sensing Fabric
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rest | Compressed | Bent | Stretched |
---|---|---|---|
27.5 ± 0.4 °C | 26.3 ± 0.4 °C | 26.9 ± 0.3 °C | 27.0 ± 0.3 °C |
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Lugoda, P.; Hughes-Riley, T.; Morris, R.; Dias, T. A Wearable Textile Thermograph. Sensors 2018, 18, 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072369
Lugoda P, Hughes-Riley T, Morris R, Dias T. A Wearable Textile Thermograph. Sensors. 2018; 18(7):2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072369
Chicago/Turabian StyleLugoda, Pasindu, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Rob Morris, and Tilak Dias. 2018. "A Wearable Textile Thermograph" Sensors 18, no. 7: 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072369