A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry
<p>Application scenario of the intraocular sensor system for glaucoma treatment.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Block diagram of the magnetic-balanced inductive link system.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>3D model of the magnetic-balanced inductive link.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Equivalent circuit model of the magnetic-balanced inductive link circuit.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Calculated coupling coefficient (<math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>) versus different <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>. There is an optimal <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> where <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> is minimized to approach zero, due to the balanced inside and outside magnetic flux from the external power coil.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Calculated coupling coefficient <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>23</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> as a function of <span class="html-italic">d</span> versus different <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>; (<b>b</b>) calculated coupling coefficient <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> versus different <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> when the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> is 20 mm.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Measured quality factor of the external data coil and its bandwidth on the 500-kHz carrier versus the number of coil turns.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Simulated received uplink signal power and the loaded quality factor <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mo>_</mo> <mi>Proposed</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics> </math> versus <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>isolate</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math>, when the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> = 40 mm.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Calculated coupling coefficient <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> and <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>23</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> versus three different misalignments of the implant coil (‘Y+’ in the notation means misalignments in the positive direction of the Y axis, and ‘Y−’ means in the negative direction. The directions of the X axis and the Y axis are illustrated in <a href="#sensors-17-01768-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The prototype system is implemented to setup measurements of power and uplink data transmissions with beef tissue.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Measured (Meas.), simulated (Sim.) and calculated (Calc.) coupling coefficients (<math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>23</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>) versus the center distance (<math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math>), when the coil separation is <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> mm.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) Measured and simulated coupling coefficient <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> versus the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> in air and in tissue; (<b>b</b>) measured and simulated coupling coefficient <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mn>23</mn> </msub> </semantics> </math> versus the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> in air and in tissue.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The measured signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and the SNR of the uplink versus the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span>.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) The uplink waves captured from the prototype when the coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> = 20 mm; (<b>b</b>) the spectrum of the received uplink signal before the uplink receiving filter.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The power transfer efficiency versus coil separation <span class="html-italic">d</span> with or without connecting the uplink circuits, which includes the isolation resistors and the uplink transmitter. PTE, power transfer efficiency.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>The magnetically-balanced inductive link is simulated with the human head model in ANSYS HFSS electromagnetic simulation suite.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>(<b>a</b>) The model for calculating mutual inductance of two non-coaxial coils with a single loop; (<b>b</b>) the model for calculating the self-inductance and self of a coil with a single loop.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Geometric arrangement and notation of the coil with multiple turns.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link System
2.1. System Overview
2.2. Magnetically-Balanced Structure
2.3. Application Requirements on Coils
3. Modeling of The Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link Circuit
3.1. Equivalent Modeling
3.2. Signal-To-Interference Ratio
4. Optimizations of the Coil Position Parameters
4.1. Optimization of for Minimizing
4.2. Selection of for Avoiding a Significant Decrease of
4.3. Optimization of Coil Turn Number
5. Optimization of the Isolation Resistance
6. Effects of Coil Misalignments
7. Experimental Results
7.1. Prototype
7.2. Measurement Results
7.3. Tissue and Safety
7.4. Comparison with the State-of-the-Art
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Modeling of Self- and Mutual Inductance
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Parameter | |||
---|---|---|---|
Coil Wire Type | Litz wire with 11 strands of 30 AWG | Enameled copper | Enameled copper |
Wire Diameter | 0.8 mm | 0.06 mm | 0.06 mm |
Coil Radius | 20 mm | 10 mm | 8 mm |
Coil Thickness | 4.5 mm | 0.12 mm | 0.12 mm |
Number of Turns | = 30 | = 35 | = 25 |
Self Resonated Frequency | 7 MHz | 6 MHz | 11 MHz |
Coil Inductance (2 MHz/500 kHz) | 68.2/63.0 H | 72.9/63.6 H | 25.9/24.9 H |
Equivalent Series Resistance (2 MHz/500 kHz) | 8.5/1.9 | 25.9/16.2 | 10.2/7.9 |
Quality Factor (2 MHz/500 kHz) | 101/103 | 35.4/12.3 | 31.9/9.9 |
References | [5] | [33] | [9] | [12] | [10] | [11] | This Work |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ext./Im. Coil No. | 1/1 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 3/3 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 2/1 |
Ext./Im. Coil Diameter (mm) | 60/20 | 40,25/9.5 | 56,22/22 | 24,12,12/24,12,12 | 25/16 | 40/20 | 40,16/20 |
Wireless Power Transfer | |||||||
Power Carrier (Hz) | 700 × 10 | 13.56 × 10 | 1.1/1.53 × 10 | 1 × 10 | 13.56 × 10 | 2 × 10 | 2 × 10 |
Typical PDL (mW) | 50 | 102 | 60 | 1.5∼12 | ≤100 | 10 | 5 |
Typical PTE | 36% | 50% | 36% | 61% | 58% (k = 0.1) | 59% (k = 0.1) | 59% (k = 0.09) |
Uplink Data Transmission | |||||||
Modulation | LSK | LSK | Double Carrier LSK | OQPSK | PPSK | BPSK | BPSK |
Uplink Carrier (Hz) | 700 × 10 | 13.56 × 10 | 1.1/1.53 × 10 | 13.56 × 10 | 13.56 × 10 | 125 × 10 | 500 × 10 |
Data Rate (bps) | 19.2 × 10 | 56.5 × 10 | 10 × 10 | 4.16 × 10 | 1.35 × 10 | 10 × 10 | 50 × 10 |
SIR (dB) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | −75.79 | |
Tx Power Cost (mW) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Max. Distance (mm) | 30 | 20 | 11 | 5 | 15 | 50 | 60 |
Coupling Coefficient | 0.045 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.055 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
BER | NA | NA | NA | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ |
The Impacts of Uplink Data Transmission on WPT | |||||||
PTE Relative Loss | >50% | NA | 19% | NA | 20% (k = 0.05) | 15% (k = 0.05) | 5.1% (k = 0.05) |
Ripple | NA | NA | 15% | NA | 100% | ∼5% | ∼5% |
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Gong, C.; Liu, D.; Miao, Z.; Li, M. A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry. Sensors 2017, 17, 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081768
Gong C, Liu D, Miao Z, Li M. A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry. Sensors. 2017; 17(8):1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081768
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Chen, Dake Liu, Zhidong Miao, and Min Li. 2017. "A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry" Sensors 17, no. 8: 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081768