Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy
<p>Illustration of OSDC concept examples, where the mobile entity is a bus (<b>Left</b>) or a pedestrian (<b>Right</b>). The mobile entity is equipped with a BLE device and collects data from the sensor node during the contact time.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Illustration of the two main OSDC approaches with BLE, for the two different advertisement settings in each one. (<b>a</b>) advertisement-based approach with one advertising packet per advertising event; (<b>b</b>) advertisement-based approach with three advertising packets per advertising event; (<b>c</b>) connection-based approach with one advertising packet per advertising event; (<b>d</b>) connection-based approach with three advertising packets per advertising event.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Experimental setup for current measurements of the BLE121LR modules using an Agilent N333 power analyzer. The module at the left works as a slave that connects to the module at the right, which operates as a master.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Current consumption profile of an advertising event for the BLE121LR platform operating as a non-connectable advertiser. Three-advertisement (leftmost) and single-advertisement (rightmost) advertising events are shown.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Illustration of variables involved in the calculation of the average current consumption in the advertisement-based approach (<span class="html-italic">I<sub>avg_adv</sub></span>). ‘Adv Event’ refers to an advertising event.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Current consumption profile of an advertising event for the BLE121LR platform, operating as a connectable advertiser. Single-advertisement (<b>Left</b>) and three-advertisement (<b>Right</b>) advertising events are shown.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Illustration of time variables involved in the calculation of the average current consumption in the connection-based approach (<span class="html-italic">I<sub>avg_conn</sub></span>).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Illustration of the components related with connection establishment, use and finalization. S and M denote Slave and Master, respectively. A round trip exchange comprises a packet sent by the master to the slave, and the response sent by the latter.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node in the advertisement-based approach, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, and for both <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 1 and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 3.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node within <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> (<span class="html-italic">I<sub>avg_CI</sub></span>) in the connection-based approach, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, and for BER = 0.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node within <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> (Iavg_CI) in the connection-based approach, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, and for several BER values.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node within a <span class="html-italic">T<sub>conn</sub></span> period in the connection-based approach, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, and for <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 3 and BER = 0.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node within a <span class="html-italic">T<sub>conn</sub></span> period in the connection-based approach, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, for several BER values, and for <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 3, <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span> = 0.02 s, and <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> = 150 s.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node in the connection-based approach, for a time between contacts of one day, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, and for different <span class="html-italic">N</span> and <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span>, and for BER = 0. A theoretical value of <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> = 0 has been evaluated, however depicted results in the logarithmic representation used in the figure are very close to those of <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> = 45 s. Thus they have been excluded from the figure for the sake of clarity.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node in the connection-based approach, for a time between contacts of one day, for <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 1, Tcontact = 45 s, and connInterval = 4 s, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, and for different BER values.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Average current consumption of the sensor node, for the advertisement-based and connection-based approaches, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span> and for different <span class="html-italic">N</span> and <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> values, and for BER = 0.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Average sensor node lifetime, for the advertisement-based and connection-based approaches, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, and for different <span class="html-italic">N</span>, <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> and BER values, and assuming a time between contacts of one day. For connection-based results, <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> = 4 s has been assumed.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Maximum amount of collected data per contact interval, for the advertisement-based and connection-based approaches, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, and for different <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> values. Only curves for <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> = 4 s are shown, for the sake of figure clarity.</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Maximum amount of collected data per contact interval, for the advertisement-based and connection-based approaches, as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, for different BER values, and for <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> = 150 s. <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> = 4 s has been assumed.</p> "> Figure 20
<p>Influence of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> on the maximum amount of collected data per contact interval, for the connection-based approach, and for different <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span> values.</p> "> Figure 21
<p>Influence of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span> on the maximum amount of collected data per contact interval, for the connection-based approach, for different BER values, for <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span> = 0.02 s and <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> = 150 s.</p> "> Figure 22
<p>Energy cost for the advertisement-based and the connection-based approaches as a function of <span class="html-italic">advInterval</span>, for different <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">N</span> values, assuming connInterval = 4 s, and a time between contacts of one day.</p> "> Figure 23
<p>Maximum measured amount of collected data per contact interval, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, for <span class="html-italic">T<sub>contact</sub></span> values of 45 s and 150 s.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>Number of round trip exchanges measured per <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>, as a function of <span class="html-italic">connInterval</span>.</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Measured amount of collected data as a function of distance between sender and receiver, in the university campus and beach scenarios.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection Using Bluetooth Low Energy
2.2. Bluetooth Low Energy Performance
3. Using Bluetooth Low Energy for Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection
3.1. Bluetooth Low Energy Overview
3.1.1. Physical Layer
3.1.2. Link Layer
3.2. Approaches for Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy
4. Modeling the Performance of Bluetooth Low Energy for Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection
4.1. Advertisement-Based Approach
4.1.1. Sensor Node Current Consumption and Lifetime
4.1.2. Maximum Amount of Collected Data per Contact Interval
4.2. Connection-Based Approach
4.2.1. Sensor Node Current Consumption
4.2.2. Maximum Amount of Collected Data per Contact Interval
5. Evaluation
5.1. Sensor Node Current Consumption
5.1.1. Advertisement-Based Approach
5.1.2. Connection-Based Approach
5.1.3. Current Consumption Comparison of the Advertisement-Based and the Connection-Based Approaches
5.2. Sensor Node Lifetime
5.3. Maximum Amount of Collected Data per Contact Interval
5.4. Energy Cost
5.5. Maximum Amount of Collected Data: Experimental Results
5.5.1. Influence of connInterval on Amount of Collected Data per Contact Interval
5.5.2. Influence of Distance between the two BLE Devices on the Amount of Collected Data
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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State Number | Description | Duration | Current Consumption | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Value (ms) | Variable | Value (mA) | ||
1 | wake-up | Twu | 0.728 | Iwu | 9.595 |
2 | radio preparation | Tpre | 0.247 | Ipre | 17.506 |
3 | transmission | Ttx | 0.398 | Itx | 41.046 |
4 | channel change | Tch | 0.134 | Ich | 21.467 |
5 | radio off | Toff | 0.190 | Ioff | 10.543 |
6 | postprocessing | Tpost | 0.818 | Ipost | 10.523 |
7 | sleep | Tsleep | - | Isleep | 1.193 × 10−3 |
State Number | Description | Duration | Current Consumption | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Value (ms) | Variable | Value (mA) | ||
3 | transmission | Ttx | 0.229 | Itx | 41.046 |
8 | transmit to receive | Ttx_rx | 0.106 | Itx_rx | 24.952 |
9 | reception | Trx | 0.134 | Irx | 29.106 |
Packet Type | Packet Size (Bytes) | Payload Size (Bytes) |
---|---|---|
Data channel PDU (minimum size) | 10 | 0 |
Data channel PDU (maximum size) | 37 | 20 |
Advertising channel PDU (non-connectable type, maximum size) | 47 | 31 |
Advertising channel PDU (connectable type) | 23 | -- |
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Aguilar, S.; Vidal, R.; Gomez, C. Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy. Sensors 2017, 17, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010159
Aguilar S, Vidal R, Gomez C. Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy. Sensors. 2017; 17(1):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010159
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar, Sergio, Rafael Vidal, and Carles Gomez. 2017. "Opportunistic Sensor Data Collection with Bluetooth Low Energy" Sensors 17, no. 1: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010159