Submersible Spectrofluorometer for Real-Time Sensing of Water Quality
"> Figure 1
<p>LEDs used for fluorescence excitation: (<b>a</b>) UV-LED emitting 280 nm; (<b>b</b>) blue LED emitting 450 nm.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The water region observed by the spectrometer is illuminated by the UV and blue LEDs. Water and optoelectronic devices are separated by a quartz window (NHI-1191 by Helios Italquartz, Milan/Italy) with transmittance greater than 90%.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Technical drawing of the external chamber.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>View of the chamber cover: A—safety pressure valve; B—electrical connector; C—gas inlet; D—quartz glass window covering the LEDs and the spectrometer.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Electronic layout of the sensor.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Detail of the electronic assembly: (<b>a</b>) printed circuit board; (<b>b</b>) assembled sensor.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Instrument block diagram.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Image of the assembled prototype.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Panel of the data processing software showing: (<b>a</b>) unprocessed spectra; (<b>b</b>) results of the automatic data processing.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Location of the two sites where the sensor was tested and some pictures taken during the campaigns: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) Albano Lake (Italy); (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) Herzliya Harbor (Israel).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Geographical position of Stations 1, 2 and 3 in Herzliya Harbor.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Laboratory calibration: (<b>a</b>) spectra of Milli-Q water (C0) and five different concentrations of Chl-a in Milli-Q water (C1—most concentrated to C5—less concentrated); (<b>b</b>) graphical representation of the calibration data.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Clay interference on Chl-a detection (<b>a</b>); relative differences between the blank (sample without clay) and different turbid samples (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Effects of temperature on Chl-a detection (<b>a</b>); relative differences between the reference sample (4 °C) and samples of water containing a fixed amount of Chl-a at different temperatures (<b>b</b>).</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Cyanobacteria (<span class="html-italic">P. rubescens</span>) fluorescence spectra.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Diesel oil, tryptophan and Milli-Q water fluorescence spectra measured upon excitation at 280 nm.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instrument Design
2.1. Light Sources and Spectrometer
Indicator | Absorption (nm) | Emission (nm) |
---|---|---|
Protein-like material (tyrosine and tryptophan) | 270–290 | 350–400 |
Oil | 280–300 | 350–400 |
Chl-a | 400–500 | 670–690 |
2.2. Mechanics and Electronics
2.3. Assembled Prototype
2.4. Hardware and Software for Data Acquisition and Processing
3. Materials and Procedures
3.1. Materials and Procedures for Laboratory Tests
3.2. Materials and Procedures for Field Tests
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Sensor Calibration with Chl-a
ample | Ichl (arb. units) | IRaman (arb. units) | R = Ichl/IRaman (R.U.) | Chl-a Conc. (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C0 | 0 | 1185 ± 103 | 0 | 0 |
C1 | 56749 ± 384 | 742 ± 95 | 76.49 ± 9.81 | 202 |
C2 | 42053 ± 323 | 853 ± 88 | 49.32 ± 5.09 | 126 |
C3 | 22895 ± 405 | 1131 ± 121 | 20.23 ± 2.19 | 63 |
C4 | 8250 ± 142 | 1122 ± 71 | 7.35 ± 0.48 | 20 |
C5 | 2938 ± 97 | 1126 ± 95 | 2.61 ± 0.23 | 10 |
4.2. Laboratory Tests on Diesel Oil and Tryptophan
4.3. Field Results
Parameter | Chl-a (RU) | E (RU) | ER (%) | Chl-a (µg/L) | Relative Diff. (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lake surface | 0.0536 | 0.0010 | 1.9 | 0.181 | +0.03% |
50-cm depth | 0.0737 | 0.0021 | 2.8 | 0.249 | −0.02% |
Station | GPS Position | Depth | Chl-a (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
1 (AM) | N32°09′ 0.5728, E034º47′ 0.6879 | 1 m | 736 |
1 (PM) | N32°09′ 0.5728, E034º47′ 0.6879 | surface | 309 |
2 | N32°09′ 0.7129, E034º47′ 0.6784 | surface | 687 |
3 | N32°09′ 0.8204, E034º47′ 0.5874 | surface | 43 |
5. Conclusions and Future Developments
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Puiu, A.; Fiorani, L.; Menicucci, I.; Pistilli, M.; Lai, A. Submersible Spectrofluorometer for Real-Time Sensing of Water Quality. Sensors 2015, 15, 14415-14434. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150614415
Puiu A, Fiorani L, Menicucci I, Pistilli M, Lai A. Submersible Spectrofluorometer for Real-Time Sensing of Water Quality. Sensors. 2015; 15(6):14415-14434. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150614415
Chicago/Turabian StylePuiu, Adriana, Luca Fiorani, Ivano Menicucci, Marco Pistilli, and Antonia Lai. 2015. "Submersible Spectrofluorometer for Real-Time Sensing of Water Quality" Sensors 15, no. 6: 14415-14434. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150614415