Ongoing Deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, Observed by Time-Series Sentinel-1A SAR Interferometry (Preliminary Results)
"> Figure 1
<p>Location map of Wink sinkholes. Wink is located in West Texas and the region in the black box is the study area for analyzing our InSAR results. The groundwater well (No. 4615924) closest to sinkholes is located to the southwest of Wink sinkholes, and the near real-time groundwater level, which is recorded as depth to groundwater, is provided by the Texas water development board water science and conservation group.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Networks of InSAR pairs from the Sentinel-1A (S-1A) interferometric wide-swath (<b>a</b>) ascending; and (<b>b</b>) descending mode. Five ascending and six descending mode Sentinel-1A datasets were used for our InSAR analysis, and the perpendicular baselines of all InSAR pairs (10 and 15 pairs from ascending and descending mode, respectively) are less than 200 m.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Time-series vertical deformation from 21 April 2015 to 31 August 2015, estimated by the MSBAS method. For the period, the oval-shaped area near Wink #1, the eastern part of Wink #2, and the area ~500 m north of Wink #2 subsided by ~1.3 cm. The most ground depression, ~4 cm for four months, occurred 1 km northeast of Wink #2. White and green arrows indicate the orbit directions (ascending or descending) and the look vectors of each data acquisition, respectively.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Contour map of linearly-estimated vertical deformation rate (cm/year) from our time-series observation. The green polygon represents the previously found subsidence area from the 2009 ALOS PALSAR dataset [<a href="#B16-remotesensing-08-00313" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Time-series horizontal and vertical deformation in points a, b, c, and d (yellow diamonds) is depicted in <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>a. Estimated horizontal (east-west) deformation rates (cm/year) are shown in (<b>b</b>), (<b>c</b>), (<b>d</b>), and (<b>e</b>) regions. Positive (blue) and negative (red) values indicate the eastward and westward movement, respectively. The white dashed line in <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>d represents the marginal horizontal ground movements in opposite direction.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Horizontal (top) and vertical (middle) deformation at points a, b, c, and d in <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a, and comparison (bottom) of groundwater level at well No. 4615924 and vertical deformation in point a of <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a; and (<b>b</b>) time-series deformation along line i–j in <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Cumulative vertical deformation in 31 August 2015 over the most deforming region (in the white dashed-line box of <a href="#remotesensing-08-00313-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>); (<b>b</b>) best-fitting model from two dislocation sources in elastic half-space; and (<b>c</b>) residuals after subtracting the best-fitting model from the cumulative deformation.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Schematic east-west cross section in Winkler County showing the natural dissolution of Salado Formation salts and InSAR-detected subsidence on the eastern edge of the Delaware Basin (modified from [<a href="#B4-remotesensing-08-00313" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-remotesensing-08-00313" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B27-remotesensing-08-00313" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-remotesensing-08-00313" class="html-bibr">28</a>]). Oil was extracted from the Yates and Tansill formation and the flowed water into the Salado formation for oil production could cause the dissolution cavity leading to the Wink sinkholes.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Observations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kim, J.-W.; Lu, Z.; Degrandpre, K. Ongoing Deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, Observed by Time-Series Sentinel-1A SAR Interferometry (Preliminary Results). Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040313
Kim J-W, Lu Z, Degrandpre K. Ongoing Deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, Observed by Time-Series Sentinel-1A SAR Interferometry (Preliminary Results). Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(4):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040313
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jin-Woo, Zhong Lu, and Kimberly Degrandpre. 2016. "Ongoing Deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, Observed by Time-Series Sentinel-1A SAR Interferometry (Preliminary Results)" Remote Sensing 8, no. 4: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040313