Data Assimilation of the High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Obtained from the Aqua-Terra Satellites (MODIS-SST) Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter
<p>(<b>Left</b>): Positions of the observation data without Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-SST). Thick lines: sea surface height anomaly, crosses: satellite sea surface temperature, triangles: <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> temperature, squares: <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> salinity. Contours denote iso-depth lines: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2000, 3000, 4,000, and 5,000 m. (<b>Right</b>): Snapshots of MODIS-SST gridded on the model grid for visualization. Note that the assimilated data with approximately 1 km resolution themselves are not gridded on the model grid of 1/36° resolution. Interval of thin (thick) contours is 1 °C (5 °C). (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>): 14 February 2010. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>): 20 February 2010. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>): 26 February 2010. The abbreviations in (<b>f</b>) represents locations: KC (Kii Channel) and II (Izu Islands).</p> ">
<p>(<b>Left</b>): Positions of the observation data without Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-SST). Thick lines: sea surface height anomaly, crosses: satellite sea surface temperature, triangles: <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> temperature, squares: <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> salinity. Contours denote iso-depth lines: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2000, 3000, 4,000, and 5,000 m. (<b>Right</b>): Snapshots of MODIS-SST gridded on the model grid for visualization. Note that the assimilated data with approximately 1 km resolution themselves are not gridded on the model grid of 1/36° resolution. Interval of thin (thick) contours is 1 °C (5 °C). (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>): 14 February 2010. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>): 20 February 2010. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>): 26 February 2010. The abbreviations in (<b>f</b>) represents locations: KC (Kii Channel) and II (Izu Islands).</p> ">
<p>Scatter plots of sea surface temperature at each latitude used for the analyses on 14 February 2010 (<b>a</b>), 20 February 2010 (<b>b</b>), and 26 February 2010 (<b>c</b>). Crosses: daytime, X signs: night time.</p> ">
<p>Contours indicate temperature at 100 m depth averaged for the period from 8 to 28 February 2010. Closed circles denote all positions of the <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> observations in which numbers were larger than 4 and their colors indicate mean error (bias) between the reproduced and observed <span class="html-italic">in situ</span> profiles. (<b>a</b>) NO-MODIS. (<b>b</b>) mqc. (<b>c</b>) dqc.m2.</p> ">
<p>Snapshots of ensemble mean sea surface temperature (shade and contours) and flows (vectors). Interval of thin (thick) contours is 1 <span class="html-italic">°</span>C (5 <span class="html-italic">°</span>C). (<b>Left</b>): NO-MODIS. (<b>Right</b>): dqc.m2. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>): 14 February 2010. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>): 20 February 2010. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>): 26 February 2010.</p> ">
<p>One-dimensional analysis SST spectra (solid curves) along cross-shore direction averaged in the model region south of 33°N and during the period from 8 February to 28 February, 2010. Spectra are normalized by their respective maximum values. The ∼k<sup>−3</sup> (∼k<sup>−2</sup>) slopes are displayed by dashed (dashed double-dotted) lines. (<b>a</b>) NO-MODIS. (<b>b</b>) mqc. (<b>c</b>) dqc.m2.</p> ">
<p>(<b>a</b>) As in <a href="#f4-remotesensing-05-03123" class="html-fig">Figure 4(d)</a> except for the case ‘m2’. (<b>b</b>) Impact Signal (IS; <a href="#FD3" class="html-disp-formula">Equation (3)</a>) of analysis SST in the case ‘m2’ on 20 February 2010 with and without MODIS-SST. Interval of contours is 1 °C.</p> ">
<p>(<b>a</b>) As in <a href="#f6-remotesensing-05-03123" class="html-fig">Figure 6b</a> except for the case ‘dqc.m2’. (<b>b</b>) The ensemble spread of the case ‘dqc.m2’ for the EnKF analysis on February 20 2010. Shades (vectors) denote the spread of SST (surface current).</p> ">
<p>The forecast error covariance between SST at a target point and SST at surrounding grids on 20 February 2010. Values on the grids with distance from the target point larger than a localized scale ( <math display="inline"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dist</mi></mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">zero</mi></mrow></msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi></mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">obs</mi></mrow></msub> <msqrt> <mrow> <mfrac bevelled="true"> <mn>10</mn> <mn>3</mn></mfrac></mrow></msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∼</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.2</mn></mrow></mrow> <mo>°</mo></msup></mrow></math>; [<a href="#b10-remotesensing-05-03123" class="html-bibr">10</a>]) are not shown. Target points: (<b>a</b>) 33.6°N, 135°E. (<b>b</b>) 33.6°N, 138°E.</p> ">
<p>Ensemble mean analysis temperature at 50 m depth (shade and contours) on 14 February 2010. (<b>a</b>) dqc.m1p2. (<b>b</b>) NO-SSHA. Thick contours denote the Kuroshio path positions evaluated from the ensemble mean flows at 50 m depth by tracking grids with the strongest kinetic energy at each longitude. Open circles represent the weekly mean observed path positions provided from the Japan Coast Guard. The duration of the weekly mean period was daily updated and then all position data including the target day in their weekly mean periods were plotted</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Assimilation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature
2.1. Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) for the Kuroshio Variation South of Japan
2.2. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Sensors—SST
2.3. Data Assimilation Experiments
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Quality Control of MODIS-SST
3.2. Effects of High-Resolution SST
3.3. Roles of High-Resolution SST and Sea Surface Height Anomaly (SSHA) Data
3.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Horizontal localization scale (σobs; number of grids) | 12 (1/3°) |
Vertical localization scale (σobsv; m) | 2000 |
Covariance inflation parameter (%) | 21 |
Observation error of sea surface height anomaly (m) | 0.2 |
Observation error of sea surface temperature (°C) | 1.0 |
Time window of sea surface height anomaly (day) | ± 4 |
Time window of sea surface temperature (day) | ± 1 |
Time interval of LETKF (day) | 2 |
Case | Quality Control (Equation (2)) | Assimilated data |
---|---|---|
NO-ASSIM | - | - |
NO-MODIS | m = 10, p = 10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,SSHA |
mqc | m = 10, p = 10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
5degerr | m = 10, p = 10 (observation error = 5 °C) | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
m3p4 | m = 3, p = 4 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
m2p2 | m = 2, p = 2 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
m1p2 | m = 1, p = 2 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
m2 | m = 2, p=10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
m1 | m = 1, p = 10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
dqc.m2p2 | m = 2sprd, p = 2sprd | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
dqc.m1p2 | m = sprd, p = 2sprd | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
dqc.m2 | m = 2sprd, p = 10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
dqc.m1 | m = sprd, p = 10 | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS,SSHA |
NO-SSHA | m = sprd, p = 2sprd | RMCSST,AMSR-E,MODIS |
Case | T-BIAS (°C), S-BIAS(psu) | T-RMSE (°C), S-RMSE(psu) | Correlation with Assimilated MODIS-SST |
---|---|---|---|
NO-ASSIM | −0.81, −0.039 | 1.83, 0.20 | 0.76* |
NO-MODIS | −0.24, +0.012 | 1.20, 0.16 | 0.84* |
mqc | −1.00, −0.068 | 1.63, 0.19 | 0.86 |
5degerr | −0.75, −0.041 | 1.40, 0.17 | 0.85 |
m3p4 | −0.56, −0.022 | 1.34, 0.19 | 0.85 |
m2p2 | −0.46, −0.015 | 1.30, 0.18 | 0.86 |
m1p2 | −0.12, +0.024 | 1.25, 0.19 | 0.85 |
m2 | −0.29, +0.013 | 1.23, 0.18 | 0.86 |
m1 | +0.03, +0.053 | 1.24, 0.20 | 0.84 |
dqc.m2p2 | −0.49, −0.002 | 1.25, 0.17 | 0.86 |
dqc.m1p2 | −0.19, +0.030 | 1.23, 0.18 | 0.84 |
dqc.m2 | −0.35, +0.006 | 1.17, 0.17 | 0.83 |
dqc.m1 | −0.05, +0.037 | 1.16, 0.17 | 0.80 |
NO-SSHA | −0.27, +0.030 | 1.28, 0.18 | 0.84 |
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Miyazawa, Y.; Murakami, H.; Miyama, T.; Varlamov, S.M.; Guo, X.; Waseda, T.; Sil, S. Data Assimilation of the High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Obtained from the Aqua-Terra Satellites (MODIS-SST) Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 3123-3139. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5063123
Miyazawa Y, Murakami H, Miyama T, Varlamov SM, Guo X, Waseda T, Sil S. Data Assimilation of the High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Obtained from the Aqua-Terra Satellites (MODIS-SST) Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Remote Sensing. 2013; 5(6):3123-3139. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5063123
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiyazawa, Yasumasa, Hiroshi Murakami, Toru Miyama, Sergey M. Varlamov, Xinyu Guo, Takuji Waseda, and Sourav Sil. 2013. "Data Assimilation of the High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Obtained from the Aqua-Terra Satellites (MODIS-SST) Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter" Remote Sensing 5, no. 6: 3123-3139. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5063123