Demonstration of Two Portable Scanning LiDAR Systems Flown at Low-Altitude for Investigating Coastal Sea Surface Topography
<p>Location of survey areas on Australia’s coastline. Inset: A, Cape de Couedic located on south-west tip of Kangaroo Island (see first figure in <a href="#sec3dot3-remotesensing-03-01983" class="html-sec">Section 3.3</a> for detail); B, mouth of Murray River area (see first Figure in <a href="#sec3dot1-remotesensing-03-01983" class="html-sec">Section 3.1</a> for detail).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Experimental set-up on port and starboard wing pods.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Instrumentation configuration: (<b>a</b>) Port pod assembly: (A), Q560 scanner; (B), RT3003 GPS-IMU; (C), data logger; and (<b>b</b>) Starboard pod assembly: (A), Q240 scanner; (B), HG1700 AG58 IMU; (C), NovAtel OEM4 GPS; (D), RT3003 GPS-IMU; (E), data logger; (F), LD90 altimeter.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Surf zone, Mouth of the Murray River during the LiDAR survey (10 May 2007). The mouth of the Murray River is located at “X”, the Coorong Channel is located at “Y”.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Mouth of Murray River and Coorong area, South Australia. Flight Sections 1–3: Q240; Sections 4 and 5: Q560 (see text). 2,000 m grid spacing (WGS84, SUTM53).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Three contiguous sections of sea surface topography (Q240-OEM4-HG1700 AG58 IMU data) in the surf zone. Color scale refers to height (m) above ellipsoid and applies to all three images. Top (linear extent ~1,580 m, width ~105 m), middle (linear extent ~1,825 m, width ~150 m) and bottom (linear extent ~1,835 m, width ~155 m) tiles refer to polygons 1, 2, and 3 in <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> respectively.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Sea surface profiles (height (m) above ellipsoid) in surf zone, mouth of Murray River. Left: Line 4 (<a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>, middle); Right: Line 2 (<a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>, top). Blue: Q240-OEM4-HG1700 AG58 IMU; green: Q240-RT3003; red: Q240-RT3003 with GPS precise point positioning post-processing.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Two contiguous sections of sea surface topography (Q560-RT3003 data) in the surf zone. Color scale refers to height (m) above ellipsoid and applies to both images. Images top (linear extent ~1,135 m, width ~165 m) and bottom (linear extent ~1,360 m, width ~155 m) refer to polygons 4 and 5 (<a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>) respectively.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Sea surface profiles (height (m) above ellipsoid) in surf zone, mouth of Murray River. Left panel: Line 11 (<a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>, top); right panel: Line 17 (<a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>, bottom). Green: Q560-RT3003; red: Q240-OEM4-HG1700 AG58 IMU. Note the different scales and relative displacements on the vertical axes. The difference in absolute height is caused by different estimates of GPS height in the single point GPS positioning obtained from the two different GPS receivers.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Altimetry map—Height of Q240 LiDAR above the sea surface (see <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a> (top panel) for equivalent sea surface topography map); (linear extent ~1,580 m, width ~105 m): covering polygon 1, <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>. The color scale bar shows the altitude in meters.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Cape de Couedic, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Flight Sections A, B, C (see text). The square symbol shows the location of the waverider buoy. 4,000 m grid spacing (WGS84, SUTM53).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Cape de Couedic waverider buoy time series: relative wave height over a 10 min sample.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Section of sea surface topography (Flight Section A, <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>), Cape de Couedic, in vicinity of waverider buoy (646,000 mE, 6,007,000 mN, WGS84, SUTM53) located approximately 750 m due south of the south-west edge of the topographic grid. Q240-NovAtel OEM4-Honeywell HG1700 AG58 IMU data. Grid spacing: 500 m. Color scale bar: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid. Mean altimetry: 475 m (±17 m standard deviation). Swath: ~ 160–200 m.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Profile of sea surface (relative to WGS84 ellipsoid) along track located approximately midway along the topographic grid shown in <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f013" class="html-fig">Figure 13</a>.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Section of sea surface topography, Weirs Cove (Flight Section B, <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>), between Kirkpatrick Point (Remarkable Rocks) to the east (50 m above sea level), and a headland adjacent to Cape de Couedic to the west (80 m above sea level). Q240 – NovAtel OEM4 – Honeywell HG1700 AG58 IMU data. Datum: WGS84, SUTM53. Grid spacing: 500 m. Color scale bar: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid. Mean altimetry: 275 m (±5 m standard deviation). Swath over seawater: ~170 m.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Section of sea surface topography between Kirkpatrick Point (Remarkable Rocks) to the west (50 m above sea level), and Sanderson Bay to the east (Flight Section C, <a href="#remotesensing-03-01983-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>). Q240-HG1700 AG58 IMU data. Datum: WGS84, SUTM53. Grid spacing: 500 m. Color scale bar: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid. Mean altimetry over seawater: 304 m (±8 m standard deviation).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instrumentation
System Validation
3. Results
3.1. Mouth of Murray River Region
3.2. Altimetry Mapping
3.3. Cape de Couedic (Kangaroo Island)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
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Vrbancich, J.; Lieff, W.; Hacker, J. Demonstration of Two Portable Scanning LiDAR Systems Flown at Low-Altitude for Investigating Coastal Sea Surface Topography. Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 1983-2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3091983
Vrbancich J, Lieff W, Hacker J. Demonstration of Two Portable Scanning LiDAR Systems Flown at Low-Altitude for Investigating Coastal Sea Surface Topography. Remote Sensing. 2011; 3(9):1983-2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3091983
Chicago/Turabian StyleVrbancich, Julian, Wolfgang Lieff, and Jorg Hacker. 2011. "Demonstration of Two Portable Scanning LiDAR Systems Flown at Low-Altitude for Investigating Coastal Sea Surface Topography" Remote Sensing 3, no. 9: 1983-2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3091983