Urbanization Effect on Regional Thermal Environment and Its Mechanisms in Arid Zone Cities: A Case Study of Urumqi
<p>Geographical location and terrain altitude (shading, units: m) of the study area; the sky-blue thick solid line represents the boundary of the built-up area of Urumqi, and the black fine solid lines represent the administrative boundaries of Urumqi and its districts. The small red box in the small globe in the upper left corner shows the location of the study area from a broader perspective.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Terrain altitude (shading, DEM, units: m) and locations of the 20 meteorological stations (indicated by red dots) selected in this study to verify the simulation results. The blue line represents the outline of the built-up area of Urumqi, and the thin black lines indicate administrative boundaries of the districts in Urumqi.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The geographic locations and terrain elevation (shading, DEM, units: m) of the WRF model domains, where d01 represents the outer domain, d02 represents the inner domain, and the thin black lines represent administrative boundaries of Xinjiang. (<b>b</b>) The location of the d01 domain on a map of China; the shading represents the terrain elevation (units: m).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Land use categories (shading) derived from CLCD dataset in the d02 domain of the Urban (control) experiment of numerical simulation. The land use category of “urban and build-up” is highlighted with red underline in the color bar information. (<b>b</b>) The same as (<b>a</b>) but for the enlarged area (main study area) centered around the built-up area of Urumqi. The small black dot in the central area (indicated by letter C) shows the location of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi. The black boxes indicate the proximity areas in different directions of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi, and the abbreviated letters NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, and SE represent the corresponding northwestern, northern, northeastern, western, central, eastern, southern, and southeastern areas of Urumqi.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Land use categories (shading) derived from CLCD dataset in the d02 domain of the NoUrban (sensitivity) experiment of numerical simulation. (<b>b</b>) The same as (<b>a</b>) but for the enlarged area, which shows the same area of <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b. The black boxes and corresponding abbreviated letters (NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, SE) represent the same locations of Urumqi, which are shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b. All of the original built-up areas were replaced by grasslands in the NoUrban (sensitivity) experiment of the numerical simulation. The small black dot in the central area (indicated by letter C) shows the location of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Scatter plots and linear regression fitting lines (small blue circles and red lines), with regression equations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), and root mean square error (RMSE) shown in the top of each panel, showing the correspondence of the WRF numerical simulation results (monthly average value) with corresponding observational data from 2012 to 2021. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) indicate the Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin at 2 m in spring, respectively; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) represent the Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin at 2 m in summer, respectively; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) present the Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin at 2 m in autumn, respectively; (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) show the Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin at 2 m in winter, respectively.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Spatial distribution of the UE on the average surface temperature (Ts, unit: °C) in Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The black boxes indicate the proximity areas in different directions of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi, which are also shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b; The blue line represents the outline of the built-up area of Urumqi, and the thin black lines indicate administrative boundaries of districts in Urumqi. The small black dot in the central area (indicated by letter C) shows the location of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi. (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>) The average values of Ts over the eight proximity areas (only calculated values for built-up area) in different directions of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The abbreviated letters NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, and SE in horizontal axis represent the corresponding eight areas shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b, and ALL represents the average value of all built-up areas of Urumqi (i.e., the averaged value of all eight areas).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Diurnal variation characteristics of UE on the average surface temperature (Ts, unit: °C) in different areas in different directions of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, and SE represent the corresponding values of Ts calculated in eight areas (only calculated values for built-up area) shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b, and ALL represents the average value of all built-up areas of Urumqi (i.e., the averaged value of all eight areas).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Diurnal variation characteristics of average surface temperature (Ts, unit: °C) over the built-up area of Urumqi in Urban experiment, NoUrban experiment, and the UE on Ts in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Spatial distribution of the UE on the average air temperature at 2 m (T2m, unit: °C) in Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The black boxes indicate the proximity areas in different directions of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi, which are also shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b, and the small black dot in the central area (indicated by letter C) shows the location of the urban centroid of the built-up area of Urumqi. (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>) The average values over of T2m in the eight proximity areas (only calculated values on built-up area) in different directions of the urban centroid of built-up area of Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The abbreviated letters NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, SE in horizontal axis represent the corresponding eight areas shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b, and ALL represents the average value of all built-up area of Urumqi (i.e., the averaged value of all eight areas).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Diurnal variation characteristics of the UE on average air temperature at 2 m (T2m, unit: °C) in different areas in different directions of the urban centroid of built-up area of Urumqi in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The NW, N, NE, W, C, E, S, SE represent the corresponding values of T2m calculated in eight areas (only calculated values on built-up area) shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b and <a href="#remotesensing-16-02939-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b, and ALL represents the average value of all built-up area of Urumqi (i.e., the averaged value of all eight areas).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Diurnal variation characteristics of average air temperature at 2 m (T2m, unit: °C) over the built-up area of Urumqi in the Urban experiment, NoUrban experiment, and the UE of Urumqi on T2m in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The UE on surface energy budget (SEB, unit: W m<sup>−2</sup>) in all built-up areas of Urumqi in four seasons. The SWn, LWn, SH, LH, GH, and SEB represent net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, and surface energy budget, respectively.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The UE on surface energy budget (SEB, unit: W m<sup>−2</sup>) in the northern part of the built-up area of Urumqi in four seasons. The SWn, LWn, SH, LH, GH, and SEB represent net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, and surface energy budget, respectively.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>The UE on surface energy budget (SEB, unit: W m<sup>−2</sup>) in the southern part of the built-up area of Urumqi in four seasons. The SWn, LWn, SH, LH, GH, and SEB represent net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, and surface energy budget, respectively.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Difference in the UE on surface energy budget (SEB, unit: W m<sup>−2</sup>) between the northern and southern parts of the built-up area of Urumqi in four seasons. The SWn, LWn, SH, LH, GH, and SEB represent net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat flux, and surface energy budget, respectively.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Verification of Simulation Results
3.2. The UE on Ts
3.2.1. Seasonal Variation Characteristics of the UE on Ts
3.2.2. Diurnal Variation Characteristics of the UE on Ts
3.3. The UE on T2m
3.3.1. Seasonal Variation Characteristics of the UE on T2m
3.3.2. Diurnal Variation Characteristics of the UE on T2m
3.4. Mechanisms of the UE on the Thermal Environments
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seasons | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tmax | 0.991 | 0.874 | 0.996 | 0.756 |
Tmean | 0.987 | 0.824 | 0.993 | 0.706 |
Tmin | 0.977 | 0.763 | 0.987 | 0.697 |
Seasons | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tmax | 0.824 | 0.894 | 0.721 | 1.145 |
Tmean | 1.018 | 1.030 | 0.914 | 1.353 |
Tmin | 1.209 | 1.234 | 1.147 | 1.424 |
Urumqi (Present Study) | Chengdu (Yao et al. [56]) | |
---|---|---|
The UE on Ts (summer/winter) | 2.09 °C/1.96 °C | 2.8 °C/0.6 °C |
The UE on DTR (summer/winter) | −1.55 °C/−0.44 °C | 0.85 °C/0.6 °C |
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Abulimiti, A.; Liu, Y.; Tang, J.; Mamtimin, A.; Yao, J.; Zeng, Y.; Abulikemu, A. Urbanization Effect on Regional Thermal Environment and Its Mechanisms in Arid Zone Cities: A Case Study of Urumqi. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162939
Abulimiti A, Liu Y, Tang J, Mamtimin A, Yao J, Zeng Y, Abulikemu A. Urbanization Effect on Regional Thermal Environment and Its Mechanisms in Arid Zone Cities: A Case Study of Urumqi. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(16):2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162939
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbulimiti, Aerzuna, Yongqiang Liu, Jianping Tang, Ali Mamtimin, Junqiang Yao, Yong Zeng, and Abuduwaili Abulikemu. 2024. "Urbanization Effect on Regional Thermal Environment and Its Mechanisms in Arid Zone Cities: A Case Study of Urumqi" Remote Sensing 16, no. 16: 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162939