Characteristics of Yellow Sea Fog under the Influence of Eastern China Aerosol Plumes
"> Figure 1
<p>MODIS Aqua L1B Granule Images highlighting different fog case scenarios. (<b>a</b>) Fog case on 2 May 2020, red box: “incomplete” fog area, the upper portion of the Yellow Sea is not included in the MODIS granule. (<b>b</b>) Fog case on 31 July 2020, cyan box: fog area covered by high cloud. (<b>c</b>) Fog case on 28 March 2012, yellow box: pollution (aerosol) band visible on and offshore.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>An example of CTH modification for the fog case was on 13 May 2018. (<b>a</b>) The original CTH of 5 km resolution from MODIS Aqua L2 cloud data product, (<b>b</b>) the modified CTH.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>MODIS Aqua L1B Granule Image of a fog case on 13 May 2018 (<b>a</b>), and CTH of (<b>b</b>) mean temperature inversion height 633 m, (<b>c</b>) 700 m, (<b>d</b>) 800 m. (<b>e</b>) DER at 1 km resolution from MODIS Aqua L2 cloud data product, (<b>f</b>) result of the CTH for the selected fog area after applying the DER mask and land-sea mask.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Terrestrial aerosol types surrounding the Yellow Sea region from the MODIS Aqua L2 aerosol data product. (<b>a</b>) Fog case on 23 May 2006, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>b</b>) Fog case on 8 June 2007, main aerosol type: heavy absorbing smoke and sulfate. (<b>c</b>) Fog case on 2 May 2008, main aerosol type: sulfate. (<b>d</b>) Fog case on 3 May 2009, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>e</b>) Fog case on 4 May 2009, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>f</b>) Fog case on 17 May 2011, main aerosol type: sulfate. (<b>g</b>) Fog case on 1 June 2011, main aerosol type: heavy absorbing smoke, dust, and sulfate. (<b>h</b>) Fog case on 28 March 2012, main aerosol type: sulfate. (<b>i</b>) Fog case on 8 April 2014, main aerosol type: sulfate. (<b>j</b>) Fog case on 9 April 2014, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>k</b>) Fog case on 10 April 2016, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>l</b>) Fog case on 13 April 2016, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>m</b>) Fog case on 14 April 2016, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>n</b>) Fog case on 13 May 2018, main aerosol type: sulfate and dust. (<b>o</b>) Fog case on 6 June 2018, main aerosol type: heavy absorbing smoke and sulfate.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Fog cases with fire occurrences around the Shandong Peninsula on 8 June 2007 (the first column, (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>j</b>,<b>m</b>)), 1 June 2011 (the second column (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>n</b>)), and 6 June 2018 (the third column (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>o</b>)). (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Satellite RGB visible image from MODIS L2B Granule Image, red box: pollution band. (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) Thermal indicators of fire from NASA World View. (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) Vertical structures of air temperature (blue line) and dew point temperature (red line) from Sounding files at Qingdao Station. (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) Temperature advection calculated from the NECP/NCAR reanalysis data. The black line indicates the geopotential height at 1000 mb, the black arrows indicate the wind direction at the speed of 10 m/s unit, and the red (blue) areas indicate the warm (cold) temperature advection. (<b>m</b>–<b>o</b>) AOD from MODIS Aqua L2 aerosol data product.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Bi-variate comparison for 15 fog cases. Diagonal Pattern (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>–<b>j</b>,<b>l</b>–<b>n</b>) refers to distributions with larger COT values corresponding to smaller DER values and larger CTH values. Left-Right Pattern (<b>c</b>,<b>k</b>) refers to distributions with larger COT values corresponding to larger DER values and smaller CTH values. Inverse-Diagonal Pattern (<b>b</b>,<b>o</b>) refers to distributions with larger COT values corresponding to both larger DER values and larger CTH values.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Aerosol, wind conditions, and cloud properties for the sea fog case on 28 March 2012, from MODIS Aqua L2 cloud data. (<b>a</b>) AOD form MODIS Aqua L2 aerosol data product. (<b>b</b>) Surface wind from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset. (<b>c</b>) DER. (<b>d</b>) CTH. (<b>e</b>) COT.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>CTH from the MODIS Aqua L2 cloud data product. (<b>a</b>) Fog case on 2 May 2008. (<b>b</b>) Fog case on 10 April 2016.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Cloud properties and aerosol for the sea fog case on 8 June 2007, from the MODIS Aqua L2 cloud data. (<b>a</b>) DER. (<b>b</b>) CTH. (<b>c</b>) COT.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The sum bi-variate comparison of the 15 fog cases.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. Surface Station Data
2.2. Satellite Data
2.3. Soundings
2.4. Reanalysis Data
3. Methods
3.1. CTH Modification
3.2. CTH Interpolation
3.3. CTH Filtering
3.4. Fog Area Selection
4. Results
4.1. Terrestrial Aerosol Type
4.2. Fire Cases
4.3. Relationship between Cloud Properties, Aerosols, and SST
4.4. Bi-Variate Comparison
4.4.1. Diagonal Pattern Cases
4.4.2. Left-Right Pattern
4.4.3. Inverse Diagonal Pattern
4.4.4. Sum Bi-Variate Comparison
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Cases | Mean AOD | Mean Optical Thickness | Mean DER (Micron) | Mean SST (°C) | Temperature Inversion Height (m) | CTH Pixels (633 m) | CTH Pixels (700 m) | CTH Pixels (800 m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 May 2009 | 0.4605 | 9.7006 | 7.7972 | 10.6673 | 156 | 8680 | 13,696 | 13,907 |
14 April 2016 | 0.5102 | 9.3236 | 8.1057 | 7.9965 | 763 | 21,274 | 25,596 | 26,047 |
1 June 2011 | 0.5196 | 8.6431 | 8.4656 | 14.3343 | Nan | 5025 | 5508 | 6525 |
17 May 2011 | 0.5296 | 10.1061 | 7.7874 | 13.0364 | 754 | 19,072 | 21,151 | 22,377 |
6 June 2018 | 0.5488 | 8.0181 | 8.1329 | 15.8386 | 762 | 8281 | 8302 | 9554 |
3 May 2009 | 0.5596 | 7.569 | 8.464 | 10.137 | 166 | 4738 | 7491 | 7840 |
28 March 2012 | 0.5626 | 8.5409 | 8.4318 | 8.1441 | 211 | 20,746 | 24,841 | 25,140 |
9 April 2014 | 0.6189 | 10.4064 | 7.4462 | 8.0927 | 798 | 17,067 | 22,770 | 22,878 |
13 May 2018 | 0.7091 | 7.7615 | 7.6294 | 11.5593 | 732 | 24,247 | 25,345 | 27,705 |
2 May 2008 | 0.7559 | 7.3513 | 9.5294 | 13.2741 | 749 | 19,563 | 19,676 | 23,398 |
10 April 2016 | 0.7614 | 13.8427 | 8.2615 | 8.3672 | 759 | 16,448 | 20,348 | 20,525 |
8 April 2014 | 0.7639 | 8.4725 | 7.4141 | 9.2278 | 795 | 14,661 | 17,442 | 18,237 |
8 June 2007 | 0.907 | 8.4842 | 8.1693 | 16.8071 | 751 | 14,194 | 14,225 | 18,849 |
23 May 2006 | 0.9853 | 9.5122 | 8.4959 | 11.2939 | 756 | 15,834 | 20,376 | 21,435 |
13 April 2016 | 0.9905 | 9.1233 | 8.8142 | 8.9151 | 711 | 16,104 | 16,766 | 17,080 |
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Liang, J.; Griswold, J.D.S. Characteristics of Yellow Sea Fog under the Influence of Eastern China Aerosol Plumes. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132262
Liang J, Griswold JDS. Characteristics of Yellow Sea Fog under the Influence of Eastern China Aerosol Plumes. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(13):2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132262
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Jiakun, and Jennifer D. Small Griswold. 2024. "Characteristics of Yellow Sea Fog under the Influence of Eastern China Aerosol Plumes" Remote Sensing 16, no. 13: 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132262