NOAA MODIS SST Reanalysis Version 1
<p>Time series of the ΔLEXT (delta between the actual satellite LEXTs and their nominal 1:30 a.m./p.m. and 10:30 a.m./p.m. values). The three vertical dotted lines mark key dates: 1 January 2002 (approximate end of the Terra LEXT drift from 10:45 to 10:30 a.m./p.m.) and 27 February 2020/18 March 2021 (last Terra/Aqua orbit correction maneuvers). Note that the monthly mean (on the first day of the month; shown by symbols) LEXTs are calculated using the ‘pyorbital’ python package [<a href="#B21-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">21</a>] as the average of all ascending nodes in a day using two line elements (TLEs) from <a href="http://celestrak.com" target="_blank">celestrak.com</a> (accessed on 17 May 2023).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Monthly (June 2016) 0.1° aggregated maps of the mean sensitivity in ACSPO v2.80 Terra MODIS (<b>a</b>) daytime and (<b>b</b>) nighttime ‘subskin’ SSTs. During this time of year, the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere is warmer and moister compared to that of the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in a noticeably lower sensitivity north of the equator for the daytime SST. At night, the sensitivity is more uniform and closer to 1 due to the use of the more transparent MWIR band 20 centered at 3.7 µm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Aqua MODIS night ‘subskin’ SST imagery over Chesapeake Bay on 21 August 2023. (<b>a</b>) All sky SST imagery with no overlay. Land is rendered in brown. (<b>b</b>) ACSM mask applied (gray). (<b>c</b>) ACSM and front indicator (black curves) overlaid. The imagery is taken from the NOAA ACSPO Regional Monitor for the SST (ARMS) online system [<a href="#B30-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Time series of the monthly aggregated number of MODIS RAN1 nighttime matchups against (<b>a</b>) DTMs and (<b>b</b>) TMs only. Data are from the NOAA SQUAM online system [<a href="#B34-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Time series of the monthly aggregated nighttime MODIS RAN1−DTM SSTs: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) global mean biases (accuracy); (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) corresponding standard deviations (SDs; precision); (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) ‘subskin’ and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) <b>‘</b>depth’ SSTs. The corresponding temporal mean and standard deviation values for each time series are given by µ and σ, respectively. Data are taken from the NOAA SQUAM online system [<a href="#B34-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The same as <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>, but for the daytime SST.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Twenty-four-hour aggregated mean biases of the Terra MODIS—CMC L4 foundation SST [<a href="#B37-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. SST data are from 1 August 2019: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) RAN1 ‘subskin’; (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) R2019 ‘skin’; (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) night; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) day. A +0.17 K offset was added to the NASA ‘skin’ SST to facilitate its comparison with the ACSPO ‘subskin’ SST.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Yearly (2019) aggregated histograms (binned at 0.1 K) of MODIS−DTM ‘subskin’ SSTs: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Terra; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Aqua; (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) night; (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) day. Each panel shows (blue) ACSPO ‘subskin’ SST and (red) NASA ‘skin’ SST + 0.17 K. The histograms are normalized with the total area under each curve = 1. For each histogram, the mean (µ) and standard deviation (σ) in Kelvin are listed in the legend.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Time series of the monthly aggregated nighttime ΔT<sub>S</sub> = MODIS RAN1 − DTM SST mean biases: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) night; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) day; (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) ‘subskin’; (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) ‘depth’ SSTs. The seasonal signal was subtracted using the STL (Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess) algorithm [<a href="#B39-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. The figure legends list the slopes and associated uncertainties (in units of K/decade) obtained using a linear least square fit with a 95% confidence interval. The lines correspond to linear fits.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, except against TMs instead of DTMs.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) Twenty-four-hour aggregated ACSPO ‘subskin’—CMC L4 SST global mean biases; ‘O-M’ BT for bands (<b>b</b>) 20, (<b>c</b>) 22, and (<b>d</b>) 23 (blue circles) with and (red circles) without the mitigation of BTs. The two vertical dashed lines mark the dates when the Terra MODIS operating configuration changed from AA to BB (30 October 2000) and from BB to AA2 (2 July 2001). For easier viewing, the results are shifted vertically with the convention that time series with mitigation are centered on zero. For a further explanation, see the main text.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Monthly aggregated global mean biases of the ΔT<sub>S</sub> = ACSPO MODIS nighttime ‘subskin’ T<sub>SAT</sub> minus the (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) DTM, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) TM, (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) AF T<sub>IS</sub>. (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) The corresponding ‘Aqua minus Terra’ double differences (DDs). Left panels (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>): Results with the original MODIS BTs. Right panels (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>): Results with the detrended MODIS BTs. To suppress noise, the DTM and TM time series were smoothed with a 7-month sliding window average, centered at current month. A 13-month window was used for the AFs, due to their two orders of magnitude fewer matchups.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>) Same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f012" class="html-fig">Figure 12</a> but for daytime.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>): Monthly aggregated global mean nighttime Terra-Aqua <b>‘</b>O-M’ DDs for (<b>a</b>) MWIR and (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) LWIR bands used in ACSPO; (<b>d</b>): corresponding global mean difference in the Terra and Aqua nighttime ‘subskin’ ΔT<sub>S</sub>s. (Blue) detrended and (red) original MODIS BTs. Black and gray lines show the linear trends obtained from the original (uncorrected) MODIS ‘O-M’ DDs. Seasonal signals in Terra–Aqua ‘O-M’ DDs/ΔT<sub>S</sub>s due to different Aqua and Terra orbits, have been subtracted using the STL algorithm [<a href="#B39-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. For easier viewing, the mean ‘O-M’ DDs/ΔT<sub>S</sub>s are offset vertically with the convention that the detrended results are centered at zero.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f014" class="html-fig">Figure 14</a> but for daytime.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Nighttime monthly aggregated global mean MODIS-AATSR ΔT<sub>S</sub>s (June 2002–March 2012) and MODIS-VIIRS ΔT<sub>S</sub>s (February 2012–present) for (<b>a</b>) Terra; (<b>b</b>) Aqua. NPP/VIIRS [<a href="#B47-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">47</a>] and MODIS data are ACSPO ‘subskin’ SSTs. AATSR is the ‘skin’ SST from the ESA CCI project [<a href="#B48-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. Long-term/seasonal signals in ΔT<sub>S</sub>s (due to different satellite orbits, sensor spectral response functions, etc.) have been subtracted using the STL algorithm [<a href="#B39-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. For easier viewing, the mean ΔT<sub>S</sub>s are offset vertically to center all detrended mean biases at zero.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) The same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a>, but for the daytime SST. See <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f016" class="html-fig">Figure 16</a>’s caption for more details.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>Time series of the monthly aggregated number of MODIS RAN1 SST matchups with AFs during the (<b>a</b>) day; and (<b>b</b>) night. Data are from the NOAA SQUAM online system [<a href="#B34-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> "> Figure A2
<p>Times series of the monthly aggregated global night-time MODIS RAN1−AF SSTs: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) mean biases; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) corresponding standard deviations (SDs); (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) ‘subskin’; (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) ‘depth’ SST. Temporal means and standard deviations of the time series are given by µ and σ, respectively. Dates prior to 1 January 2003 are omitted due to the low NOBS. Data are taken from the NOAA SQUAM online system [<a href="#B34-remotesensing-15-05589" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> "> Figure A3
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) The same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f0A2" class="html-fig">Figure A2</a>, but for daytime.</p> "> Figure A4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Terra MODIS BBT anomaly ΔT<sub>BB</sub> = T<sub>BB</sub> − T<sub>BB,nom</sub> (nominal BBT, T<sub>BB,nom</sub> = 290 K) during one WUCD exercise on 18–21 September 2009. Each data point represents an average ΔT<sub>BB</sub> with 10 min intervals. (<b>b</b>) Histogram showing the number of clear-sky MODIS-T L2P observations (NOBS) as a function of the BBT anomaly during all WUCD exercises from 3 July 2001 to 25 April 2020 (from the onset of AA2 configuration to the time when the nominal BBT was changed to 285 K). Observations with ΔT<sub>BB</sub> near 0 K are not shown in the histogram to avoid the saturation of the <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis.</p> "> Figure A5
<p>Time series of 24 h aggregated global mean biases, ΔT<sub>S</sub> = ACSPO ‘subskin’—CMC L4 foundation SST bilinearly interpolated to the MODIS native grid: (blue squares) without and (red circles) with WUCD anomaly mitigation. The corresponding mean biases for NASA SSTs are also shown. A ±15 day running average was subtracted from the time series to remove slow seasonal variations and to normalize the <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis to ~0 K to facilitate comparisons of the NASA ‘skin’ and ACSPO ‘subskin’ SST products. (<b>a</b>) Results for the year 2009, when the nominal BBT was set at 290 K and five WUCD exercises were performed (with beginning dates of 9 January, 3 April, 26 June, 18 September, and 11 December; denoted by vertical dashed lines). (<b>b</b>) Similar results, but for the year 2021, when the nominal BBT was set at 285 K and five WUCD exercises were performed (with beginning dates of 30 December 2020 and 24 March, 16 June, 8 September, and 1 December 2021; denoted by vertical dashed lines).</p> "> Figure A6
<p>‘O-M’ BTs stratified by the BBT anomaly for Terra MODIS (<b>top</b>) MWIR and (<b>bottom</b>) LWIR bands (<b>a</b>) 20 (3.7 µm), (<b>b</b>) 22 (3.9 µm), (<b>c</b>) 23 (4.0 µm), (<b>d</b>) 29 (8.6 µm), (<b>e</b>) 31 (11 µm), and (<b>f</b>) 32 (12 µm). Black dotted curves: clear-sky ‘O-M’ BTs from all WUCD cycles from 3 July 2001 to 25 April 2020 (last date before the MODIS nominal BBT was changed from 290 to 285 K). Red curves: model results using Equation (A1) with the coefficients listed in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-t0A2" class="html-table">Table A2</a>. See text for more details.</p> "> Figure A7
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) The same as in <a href="#remotesensing-15-05589-f0A6" class="html-fig">Figure A6</a>, except only for WUCD exercises after the switch to a nominal BBT of 285 K (26 April 2020–31 December 2022).</p> "> Figure A8
<p>Time series of the daily aggregated global mean biases (<b>a</b>) ΔT<sub>S</sub> = Terra ACSPO nighttime ‘subskin’ and NASA ‘skin’ SSTs minus the CMC L4 foundation SST. The results are shown with and without BT discontinuity mitigation. Terra MODIS ‘O-M’ BTs in bands (<b>b</b>) 20, (<b>c</b>) 22, and (<b>d</b>) 23. The two vertical dashed lines denote 22 April (start of the WUCD exercise) and 25 April (end of the WUCD exercise and first date with a nominal BBT of 285 K). For ease of viewing, the ACSPO SST and ‘O-M’ time series are shifted vertically by a constant value, such that the mean bias of the time series with BT discontinuity mitigation is centered at zero. The NASA SST time series were shifted, such that mean bias prior to 22 April is centered at zero. Note that the time series with mitigation have also been corrected for WUCD BT biases in addition to BT discontinuity mitigation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Terra and Aqua Orbits
3. ACSPO Algorithms
4. Validation of the ACSPO MODIS RAN1 SST
4.1. Validation of MODIS RAN1 SST against Drifting and Tropical Moored Buoys (DTMs)
4.2. Long-Term Stability
5. Mitigation of MODIS Thermal Emissive Band (TEB) Calibration Anomalies
5.1. Mitigation of Early-Mission Terra BT Anomalies
- ‘AA1’: A-side electronics and A-side formatter (launch–30 October 2000)
- ‘BB’: B-side electronics and B-side formatter (BB) (30 October 2000–15 June 2001)
- ‘AA2’: A-side electronics and A-side formatter (2 July 2001–17 September 2002)
- ‘AB’: A-side electronics and B-side formatter (17 September 2002–present)
5.2. Mitigation of MODIS TEB Calibration Drifts
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AATSR | Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer |
ACSM | ACSPO Clear-Sky Mask |
ACSPO | Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Ocean |
AF | Argo Floats |
ARMS | ACSPO Regional Monitor for SST |
AVHRR | Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer |
BBT | Black Body Temperature |
BT | Brightness Temperature |
CMC | Canadian Meteorological Centre |
CRTM | Community Radiative Transfer Model |
DTM | Drifters and Tropical Moorings |
DD | Double Difference |
FRAC | Full Resolution Area Coverage |
GAC | Global Area Coverage |
GDS2 | Group For High-Resolution SST Data Specification v2 |
GEO | Geostationary |
GHRSST | Group For High-Resolution SST |
iQuam | In situ SST Quality Monitor |
JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
JPSS | Joint Polar Satellite System |
L1b | Level 1b |
L2P | Level 2 Pre-processed |
L3C | Level 3 Collated |
L3S | Level 3 Super-collated |
L3U | Level 3 Uncollated |
L4 | Level 4 |
LEO | Low Earth Orbit |
LEXT | Local Equator Crossing Times |
LWIR | Longwave Infrared |
MDS | Matchup Data Set |
MERRA | Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications |
Metop | Meteorological Operational Satellite |
MODIS | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
MWIR | Mid-Wave Infrared |
N20 | NOAA-20 |
NLSST | Nonlinear Sea Surface Temperature |
NOBS | Number Of Observations |
NBBT | Nominal Blackbody Temperature |
NPP | National Polar-Orbiting Partnership |
‘O-M’ | Observed Minus Modeled |
PO.DAAC | Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center |
QL | Quality Level |
RAN | Reanalysis |
RSD | Robust Standard Deviation |
RVS | Response Versus Scan |
SD | Standard Deviation |
S-NPP | Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership |
SQUAM | SST Quality Monitor |
SSES | Sensor Specific Error Statistics |
SST | Sea Surface Temperature |
STL | Seasonal and Trend Decomposition using Loess |
TEB | Thermal Emissive Band |
TM | Tropical Moorings |
VIIRS | Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite |
VZA | View Zenith Angle |
WUCD | Warm-Up Cool-Down |
Appendix A. Validation of ACSPO MODIS RAN1 SST against Argo Floats
SST Product | Mean Subskin | Mean Depth | Median Subskin | Median Depth | SD Subskin | SD Depth | RSD Subskin | RSD Depth | NOBS ×103 | CSR % | Pixels ×109 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Night | ACSPO Terra | +0.02 | +0.01 | +0.05 | +0.03 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 350 | 20.6 | 16.5 |
ACSPO Aqua | +0.01 | +0.00 | +0.03 | +0.00 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 248 | 19.1 | 15.3 | |
ACSPO NPP | −0.02 | −0.03 | +0.01 | −0.02 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 803 | 18.8 | 47.9 | |
ACSPO N20 | +0.00 | −0.02 | +0.02 | −0.01 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 777 | 18.8 | 47.9 | |
NASA Terra | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.10 | +0.04 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 307 | 17.7 | 14.2 | |
NASA Aqua | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.17 | −0.01 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 215 | 16.3 | 13.1 | |
Day | ACSPO Terra | +0.17 | +0.13 | +0.12 | +0.09 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 325 | 19.3 | 15.7 |
ACSPO Aqua | +0.20 | +0.14 | +0.13 | +0.09 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 224 | 20.4 | 16.6 | |
ACSPO NPP | +0.15 | +0.15 | +0.07 | +0.09 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 777 | 19.8 | 51.2 | |
ACSPO N20 | +0.16 | +0.17 | +0.07 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 755 | 20.0 | 51.4 | |
NASA Terra | +0.13 | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.09 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 380 | 22.6 | 18.4 | |
NASA Aqua | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.08 | +0.08 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 253 | 22.6 | 18.5 |
Appendix B. Mitigation of Terra BT Artifacts Due to Variations in the Blackbody Temperature
Appendix B.1. Mitigation of BT Anomalies During Warm-Up/Cool-Down (WUCD) Events
- Varies linearly from to zero for values of between and ;
- Is zero between and , where . With this convention, the WUCD correction is zero at the nominal BBT ();
- Varies linearly from zero to between and ;
- Is constant for outside the range .
Band | BL | BH | TL | T1 | T2 | TH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
290 K NBBT | 20 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −20.0 | −2.5 | 15.0 | 25.0 |
21 | 0.14 | 0.07 | −20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | |
22 | 0.14 | 0.07 | −20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | |
29 | 0.08 | 0.25 | −20.0 | −5.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | |
31 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −12.5 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
32 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −12.5 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
285 K NBBT | 20 | 0.07 | −0.05 | −10.0 | −2.5 | 2.5 | 15.0 |
22 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.0 | |
23 | 0.06 | −0.02 | −10.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | |
29 | 0.08 | 0.55 | −10.0 | −2.5 | 10.0 | 30.0 | |
31 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −10.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
32 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −10.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 |
Appendix B.2. Mitigation of SST Anomalies Due to Changes in the Nominal BBT
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T3.7 | T11 | T12 | T0 | Sensitivity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Night | Mean (Aqua) | +1.354 | +0.017 | −0.371 | +0.005 | 0.967 |
Mean (Terra) | +1.301 | +0.057 | −0.343 | +0.000 | 0.973 | |
SD (Aqua) | 0.142 | 0.427 | 0.288 | 0.012 | 0.016 | |
SD (Terra) | 0.047 | 0.206 | 0.150 | 0.003 | 0.014 | |
Day | Mean (Aqua) | - | +3.965 | −2.997 | +0.122 | 0.926 |
Mean (Terra) | - | +3.999 | −3.037 | +0.114 | 0.922 | |
SD (Aqua) | - | 0.887 | 0.886 | 0.058 | 0.054 | |
SD (Terra) | - | 0.889 | 0.888 | 0.055 | 0.052 |
Satellite and Sensor | CSR% Night | CSR% Day |
---|---|---|
Aqua MODIS | 19.1 | 20.4 |
Terra MODIS | 20.6 | 19.3 |
NPP VIIRS | 18.8 | 19.8 |
N20 VIIRS | 18.8 | 20.0 |
SST Product | Mean Subskin | Mean Depth | Median Subskin | Median Depth | SD Subskin | SD Depth | RSD Subskin | RSD Depth | NOBS ×103 | CSR % | Pixels ×109 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Night | ACSPO Terra | +0.01 | +0.00 | +0.03 | +0.02 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 19.1 | 20.6 | 16.5 |
ACSPO Aqua | +0.00 | +0.00 | +0.03 | +0.01 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 18.1 | 19.1 | 15.3 | |
ACSPO NPP | −0.01 | −0.02 | +0.01 | −0.01 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 57.2 | 18.8 | 47.9 | |
ACSPO N20 | +0.00 | −0.02 | +0.02 | +0.00 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 57.4 | 18.8 | 47.9 | |
NASA Terra | −0.04 | +0.02 | +0.02 | +0.06 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 16.3 | 17.7 | 14.2 | |
NASA Aqua | −0.13 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 15.5 | 16.3 | 13.1 | |
Day | ACSPO Terra | +0.02 | +0.01 | +0.03 | +0.02 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 17.6 | 19.3 | 15.7 |
ACSPO Aqua | +0.03 | +0.01 | +0.04 | +0.02 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 16.9 | 20.4 | 16.6 | |
ACSPO NPP | −0.03 | +0.00 | −0.02 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 53.2 | 19.8 | 51.2 | |
ACSPO N20 | −0.04 | +0.00 | −0.03 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 53.6 | 20.0 | 51.4 | |
NASA Terra | −0.02 | −0.02 | +0.01 | +0.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 21.2 | 22.6 | 18.4 | |
NASA Aqua | −0.03 | −0.03 | +0.00 | +0.00 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 19.5 | 22.6 | 18.5 |
Ref. | SST | Terra | Aqua |
---|---|---|---|
DTM | Night ‘subskin’ | −0.005 ± 0.005 | −0.014 ± 0.005 |
Night ‘depth’ | −0.009 ± 0.004 | −0.014 ± 0.004 | |
Day ‘subskin’ | +0.021 ± 0.008 | +0.018 ± 0.007 | |
Day ‘depth’ | +0.004 ± 0.005 | +0.005 ± 0.005 | |
TM | Night ‘subskin’ | +0.009 ± 0.004 | −0.008 ± 0.004 |
Night ‘depth’ | +0.008 ± 0.003 | −0.003 ± 0.003 | |
Day ‘subskin’ | +0.047 ± 0.013 | +0.044 ± 0.012 | |
Day ‘depth’ | +0.021 ± 0.006 | +0.021 ± 0.005 |
Configuration | SST Bias [K] | Band 20 Bias [K] | Band 22 Bias [K] | Band 23 Bias [K] |
---|---|---|---|---|
AA1 | −0.26 | −0.20 | −0.11 | −0.21 |
BB | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.18 | −0.12 |
Band | Start | End | Drift Rate K/Decade | Offset K |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terra C20 | 1 January 2012 | - | +0.040 | 0.000 |
Terra C31 | 1 January 2008 | - | −0.015 | 0.000 |
Terra C32 | 1 January 2008 | - | −0.030 | 0.000 |
Aqua C20 | 4 July 2002 | 31 December 2011 | −0.026 | 0.025 |
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Jonasson, O.; Ignatov, A.; Petrenko, B.; Pryamitsyn, V.; Kihai, Y. NOAA MODIS SST Reanalysis Version 1. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235589
Jonasson O, Ignatov A, Petrenko B, Pryamitsyn V, Kihai Y. NOAA MODIS SST Reanalysis Version 1. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(23):5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235589
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonasson, Olafur, Alexander Ignatov, Boris Petrenko, Victor Pryamitsyn, and Yury Kihai. 2023. "NOAA MODIS SST Reanalysis Version 1" Remote Sensing 15, no. 23: 5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235589