Spectral Clustering of CRISM Datasets in Jezero Crater Using UMAP and k-Means
<p>Location map of used cubes in the present work. (<b>A</b>) HRSC MC-13 quadrant color basemap [<a href="#B44-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">44</a>]: of Nili Fossae and surrounding areas, including Jezero, in the highlighted subset. (<b>B</b>) Jezero Crater CTX mosaic [<a href="#B45-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">46</a>] with indicated CRISM observation HRL000040FF, highlighed in white of overlapping CRISM MTRDR data covering its delta. (<b>C</b>) IR enhanced color composite (FAL) using as RGB R2529, R1506, R1080 [<a href="#B26-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">26</a>] for CRISM observation HRL000040FF.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Silhouette Score of UMAP+k-Means as a function of the number of clusters for HRL000040FF dataset.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Silhouette Plot UMAP+k-Means for 5 and 6 clusters and the HRL000040FF set.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>On the left side, the expert map used by Gao et al. [<a href="#B11-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">11</a>] is presented. Each class is associated with a different color. In total, 6 classes are clustered as follows: olivine, yellow; pyroxene, orange; carbonate, green; Fe/Mg smectite, blue; silica, magenta and unclassified area, gray. On the right side, the UMAP+k-Means generated spectral cluster map with 6 identified clusters is illustrated. The same detail, as captured by expert map (<b>a</b>), is shown.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Spectral cluster map by UMAP-k-Means and 6 clusters for the complete clustered area of Jezero Crater.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Mean spectra per cluster as representative fingerprint. Key unique absorptions at 1900 nm (water in minerals), 2300 nm and 2500 nm (carbonate) and 2300 nm (Fe/Mg smectite) are marked with vertical dotted lines.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The MAF browse product of the MTRDR product HRL000040FF. This image browse product shows information related to mafic mineralogy and denotes olivine and Fe-phyllosilicate in red color [<a href="#B26-remotesensing-15-00939" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The two novel classes identified by the UMAP+k-Means and pictured as an overlay of the true image of Jezero Crater. Left: cluster 2 embraces mainly the unclassified area of expert map (cf. <a href="#remotesensing-15-00939-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a). Right: cluster 6 indicates a new mineralogy class.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Location
2.2. Dimensionality Reduction
2.3. Data Pipeline
2.4. Quantitative Metrics
3. Results
3.1. Quantitative Analysis
3.2. Qualitative Analysis
4. Quantitative Geological Mapping
Algorithm 1: Quantitative geological mapping |
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CRISM | Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer |
DB | Davies-Bouldin |
GMM | Gaussian Mixture model |
MRO | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter |
MTRDR | Map-projected Targeted Reduced Data Record |
PCA | Principal omponent analysis |
SC | Silhouette Coefficient |
SCM | Spectral Cluster Map |
t-SNE | t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding |
UMAP | Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection |
Appendix A
Appendix A.1
Clustering Metrics | ||
---|---|---|
Methods | Calinski-Harabasz | Davies-Bouldin |
UMAP + k-Means | 110,568 | 0.7939 |
UMAP + GMM | 89,283 | 0.8535 |
Autoencoder + k-Means | 28,345 | 1.2651 |
Autoencoder + GMM | 14,133 | 2.0985 |
PCA + k-Means | 40,415 | 1.2055 |
PCA + GMM | 13,995 | 2.8828 |
t-SNE + k-Means | 94,857 | 0.8092 |
t-SNE + GMM | 88,134 | 0.8222 |
Clustering Metrics | ||
---|---|---|
Methods | Calinski-Harabasz | Davies-Bouldin |
UMAP + k-Means | 216,545 | 0.7192 |
UMAP + GMM | 196,229 | 0.7545 |
Autoencoder + k-Means | 39,897 | 1.1298 |
Autoencoder + GMM | 16,721 | 2.1699 |
PCA + k-Means | 59,637 | 1.3214 |
PCA + GMM | 21,027 | 4.3664 |
t-SNE + k-Means | 152,121 | 0.8279 |
t-SNE + GMM | 144,334 | 0.8501 |
Clustering Metrics | ||
---|---|---|
Methods | Calinski-Harabasz | Davies-Bouldin |
UMAP + k-Means | 164,883 | 0.6932 |
UMAP + GMM | 139,372 | 0.7362 |
Autoencoder + k-Means | 31,184 | 1.0316 |
Autoencoder + GMM | 17,879 | 1.7953 |
PCA + k-Means | 56,562 | 0.9992 |
PCA + GMM | 25,703 | 1.6261 |
t-SNE + k-Means | 92,332 | 0.8048 |
t-SNE + GMM | 86,278 | 0.8155 |
Appendix B. Citation of PDS Data Products
HRL000040FF |
FRT0000c564 |
FRT0000b776 |
FRT0001c71b |
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Clustering Metrics | ||
---|---|---|
Methods | Calinski-Harabasz | Davies-Bouldin |
UMAP + k-Means | 114,928 | 0.8179 |
UMAP + GMM | 109,469 | 0.8349 |
Autoencoder + k-Means | 25,649 | 1.2435 |
Autoencoder + GMM | 12,648 | 2.5199 |
PCA + k-Means | 53,478 | 1.0643 |
PCA + GMM | 19,594 | 2.6050 |
t-SNE + k-Means | 78,578 | 0.8072 |
t-SNE + GMM | 75,248 | 0.8120 |
Cluster | Selected Products | Geology | Expert Map |
---|---|---|---|
1 | HCPINDEX2, CINDEX2, BD1750_2, | Carbonates | Carbonates |
2 | BD1750_2, HCPINDEX2 | Gypsum, Alunite | unclassified |
3 | CINDEX2, RPEAK1 | Fe, Fe-Carbonate | Fe |
4 | D2300, HCPINDEX2 | Pyroxene, Silicates | Pyroxene |
5 | HCPINDEX2, RPEAK1 | Fe-mineralogy (suggest Olivine) | Olivine |
6 | BD1750_2, OLINDEX3, HCPINDEX2 | Gypsum, Alunite, Olivine | unclassified |
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Pletl, A.; Fernandes, M.; Thomas, N.; Rossi, A.P.; Elser, B. Spectral Clustering of CRISM Datasets in Jezero Crater Using UMAP and k-Means. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040939
Pletl A, Fernandes M, Thomas N, Rossi AP, Elser B. Spectral Clustering of CRISM Datasets in Jezero Crater Using UMAP and k-Means. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(4):939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040939
Chicago/Turabian StylePletl, Alexander, Michael Fernandes, Nicolas Thomas, Angelo Pio Rossi, and Benedikt Elser. 2023. "Spectral Clustering of CRISM Datasets in Jezero Crater Using UMAP and k-Means" Remote Sensing 15, no. 4: 939. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040939