Spatiotemporal Variation of the Burned Area and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Central Kazakhstan
"> Figure 1
<p>The spatial distribution of (<b>a</b>) topography and (<b>b</b>) land cover in Central Asia. The thick black line demarcates the boundary of Central Asia, and the capital cities shown in (<b>a</b>) are represented by red dots. Seas and inland lakes are shown in blue in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>); (<b>c</b>) shows the spatial pattern of annual precipitation (unit: mm/year) over Central Asia.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The flowchart of the methodology used in this study.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The spatial distribution of the monthly burned area fraction (%) averaged from 1997–2016 across Central Asia. (<b>a</b>–<b>l</b>) represent the results from January to December, respectively.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Spatial distribution of interannual variability of the burned area fraction in (<b>a</b>) April, (<b>b</b>) May, (<b>c</b>) June, (<b>d</b>) July, (<b>e</b>) August and (<b>f</b>) September in terms of standard deviation (unit: %) from 1997–2016 across Central Asia. The blue and red rectangles represent the NKZ and CKZ regions, respectively, in (<b>c</b>).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The annual cycle of the total burned area (unit: ×10<sup>4</sup> hectares) averaged from 1997–2016 for (<b>a</b>) five countries in Central Asia, i.e., Kazakhstan (green), Uzbekistan (blue), Kyrgyzstan (yellow), Turkmenistan (red), and Tajikistan (purple), respectively, and for (<b>b</b>) central Kazakhstan (CKZ, blue) and northern Kazakhstan (NKZ, gray). The <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis represents the month of the year, starting in January.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>The annual cycle of the total burned area (unit: ×10<sup>4</sup> hectares) averaged from 1997–2016 for (<b>a</b>) five countries in Central Asia, i.e., Kazakhstan (green), Uzbekistan (blue), Kyrgyzstan (yellow), Turkmenistan (red), and Tajikistan (purple), respectively, and for (<b>b</b>) central Kazakhstan (CKZ, blue) and northern Kazakhstan (NKZ, gray). The <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis represents the month of the year, starting in January.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The annual cycle of (<b>a</b>) precipitation (blue bar, unit: mm/month) and burned area (gray bar; unit: × 10<sup>4</sup> ha) in the CKZ during from 1997–2016. (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) are same as (<b>a</b>), but for the soil moisture (blue bar, unit: m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>), relative humidity (blue bar, unit: %), and (<b>d</b>) maximum temperature (red bar, unit: °C). The upper whispers represent the positive standard deviation of climatic factors and burned area.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Temporal evolution of seasonal mean (June to September) (<b>a</b>) burned area (solid line; unit: × 10<sup>4</sup> ha) and detrended burned area (dashed line; unit: × 10<sup>4</sup> ha) and (<b>b</b>) precipitation (PRE), soil moisture (SM), relative humidity (RH) and hot-day frequency (HDF) for the period of 1997–2016 over the central Kazakhstan (CKZ) region. The area-averaged burned area (bar graph) is plotted for reference in (<b>b</b>). All the meteorological variables were detrended in order to plot normalized anomalies in <a href="#remotesensing-13-00313-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>b. The dashed line in <a href="#remotesensing-13-00313-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>b denotes the +0.5 σ (σ is the standard deviation of the normalized burned area) and −0.5 σ lines. Additionally, <a href="#remotesensing-13-00313-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>b shows the correlation coefficients (r) between precipitation and burned area, soil moisture, and burned area, between relative humidity and burned area, and hot-day frequency and burned area. The significance of each correlation is indicated by one asterisk (*; at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.1) or two asterisks (**; at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) after the correlation coefficient.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Temporal evolution of (<b>a</b>) June, (<b>b</b>) July, (<b>c</b>) August, and (<b>d</b>) September burned area (bar graph), precipitation (PRE), soil moisture (SM), relative humidity (RH) and hot days frequency (HDF) for the period of 1997–2016 over the central Kazakhstan (CKZ) region. The area-averaged burned area (bar graph) is plotted for reference. All the meteorological variables are detrended for plotting normalized anomalies. The dashed line denotes the ±0.5 standard deviation lines.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The spatial distribution of the correlation coefficients between burned area and (<b>a</b>) precipitation (PRE), (<b>b</b>) soil moisture (SM), (<b>c</b>) relative humidity (RH) and (<b>d</b>) hot days frequency (HDF) during the burning season (June to September) in the CKZ region. The linear trends of all variables were removed before being used for the calculation of the correlation coefficients. The dots denote the regions where the correlation is statistically significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.1.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The temporal evolution (<b>a</b>) and spatial pattern (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) of seasonal burned area (June to September) for the period of 1997–2016 in the western central Kazakhstan (WCKZ) region. The burned area was detrended in order to plot normalized anomalies and the dashed line denotes the ±0.5 standard deviation in figure (<b>a</b>); (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) represents the burned area for the climatological context and the difference in composite years with high and low burned areas respectively. The dotted areas indicate where the differences are statistically significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.1 (Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The spatial distribution of precipitation (mm month<sup>−1</sup>), soil moisture (m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>), relative humidity (%), and hot-day frequency (%) for climatological context and the difference in composite years with high and low burned areas. The left panels (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>j</b>) show the climatological data, and the middle panels (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>k</b>) represent the differences in composite years with high burned areas. The right panels (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>l</b>) are the same as the middle panels but for composite years with low burned areas. The dotted areas indicate where the differences are statistically significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.1 (Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The geopotential height at 500 hPa (GPH; contour; unit: gpm) for the burning season (<b>a</b>) climatology averaged over 1997–2016, as well as their anomalies in (<b>b</b>) high burned area years and (<b>c</b>) low burned area years. If the burned area for a year was >+0.5 σ (<−0.5 σ), the year was considered a high (low) burned area year. The thick black lines indicate Central Asia, and the black rectangle denotes the western central Kazakhstan region. The shaded area represents the anomalies that are statistically significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.1.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>The specific humidity (Q; shaded; unit: g kg<sup>−1</sup>) and the wind vector (UV; arrows; unit: m s<sup>−1</sup>) at 850 hPa for the burning season (<b>a</b>) climatology averaged over 1997–2016, as well as their anomalies for (<b>b</b>) high and (<b>c</b>) low burned area years. If the burned area for a year was >+0.5 σ (<−0.5 σ), the year was considered a high (low) burned area year. The thick black lines indicate Central Asia, and the black rectangle denotes the western central Kazakhstan region.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The vertically integrated moisture flux divergence (VIDMF; shaded; unit: 10<sup>–5</sup> kg m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) superimposed with the vertically integrated moisture flux (VIMF; vector, unit: kg m<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) for the burning season (<b>a</b>) climatology averaged over 1997–2016 as well as anomalies for (<b>b</b>) high and (<b>c</b>) low burned area years. If the burned area for a year was >+0.5 σ (<−0.5 σ), the year was considered a high (low) burned area year. The thick black lines indicate Central Asia, and the black rectangle denotes the western central Kazakhstan (WCKZ) region.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Temporal evolution of detrended seasonal anomalies of burned area (BA; black solid line) precipitation (PRE; blue solid line) over the western central Kazakhstan (WCKZ) region, and westerly circulation index (WI; red solid line) during the burning season. WI is defined as the 500 hPa geopotential height difference over the 55–75° E region between 35° N and 55° N.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area, Data, and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. GFED4s Burned Area
2.2.2. CRU Monthly Precipitation and Maximum Temperature
2.2.3. NOAA/CPC Daily Maximum Temperature
2.2.4. ERA5 Reanalysis Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Correlation Analysis
2.3.2. Composite Analysis
2.3.3. The Frequency of Hot Days
3. Results
3.1. Climatological Distribution of Burned Areas and Its Variability across Central Asia
3.2. The Relationship between Meteorological Factors and the Burned Area
3.2.1. Seasonal Variations
3.2.2. Interannual Variation
3.3. Large-Scale Circulation for the Interannual Variation of the Burned Area
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Resolutions | Sources |
---|---|---|
Burned Fraction | 0.25° × 0.25°, Monthly | GFED4s [41] |
Precipitation, Maximum Temperature | 0.5° × 0.5°, Monthly | CRU [40] |
Maximum Temperature | 0.5° × 0.5°, Daily | NOAA/CPC https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html |
Soil Moisture Topsoil Level (0–7cm) | 0.25° × 0.25°, Monthly | ERA5 [53] |
Relative Humidity | ||
Vertically Integrated Divergence of Moisture Flux (VIDMF) | ||
Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux (VIMF) | ||
850 hPa Wind | ||
Specific Humidity (850 hPa) | ||
500 hPa Geopotential Height |
Variable | June | July | August | September |
---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | −0.53 b | −0.37 a | −0.48 b | −0.38 a |
Soil Moisture | −0.53 b | −0.41 a | −0.40 a | −0.48 b |
Relative Humidity | −0.52 b | −0.41 a | −0.34 | −0.55 b |
Hot Days Frequency | 0.58 b | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.63 c |
Variable | June 46–70° E | July 46–70° E | August 70–87° E | September 70–87° E | JJAS 46–70° E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | −0.53 b | −0.79 c | −0.53 b | −0.45 a | −0.66 c |
Soil Moisture | −0.50 b | −0.41 a | −0.66 c | −0.55 b | −0.68 c |
Relative Humidity | −0.45 b | −0.48 b | −0.63 c | −0.59 b | −0.65 c |
Hot Days Frequency | 0.50 b | 0.44 a | 0.90 c | 0.78 c | 0.20 |
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Xu, Y.; Lin, Z.; Wu, C. Spatiotemporal Variation of the Burned Area and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Central Kazakhstan. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020313
Xu Y, Lin Z, Wu C. Spatiotemporal Variation of the Burned Area and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Central Kazakhstan. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(2):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020313
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yongfang, Zhaohui Lin, and Chenglai Wu. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Variation of the Burned Area and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Central Kazakhstan" Remote Sensing 13, no. 2: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020313