Bio-Optical Characterization and Ocean Colour Inversion in the Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia, South Tropical Pacific
<p>Map of the study area indicating the location of the sampling stations from the CALIOPE 2 conducted from 8 to 21 of March 2014 in the Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia (ELNC). Data from bathymetry, hydrography, villages, and mining sites were downloaded from <a href="http://ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/</a> accessed on 5 February 2014.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Photographs of the Satlantic Hyperpro-II free-falling radiometer (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and the TriOS-RAMSES in-water radiometer attached to a floating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) frame (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Surface distribution maps of the surface water salinity (<b>A</b>) and turbidity (<b>B</b>) in the ELNC, during CALIOPE 2 (March 2014) cruises.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Phytoplankton absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>) spectra (<b>A</b>) and specific phytoplankton absorption coefficient (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>*) at 443 nm versus the TChl<span class="html-italic">a</span>, with the power law regression fit (solid line) and the Bricaud et al. [<a href="#B23-remotesensing-10-01043" class="html-bibr">23</a>] fit for reference (dashed line) (<b>B</b>) (Number of samples = 52).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>cdom</sub>) spectra (<b>A</b>) and non-algal particles (NAP) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>nap</sub>) spectra for each station, mean and standard deviation for all stations (<b>B</b>) (Number of samples = 52).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Mean (solid lines) and standard deviation (dashed lines) of phytoplankton absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>), Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>cdom</sub>) and non-algal particles (NAP) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>nap</sub>) (<b>A</b>). Ternary diagram with the proportions of <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>(443), <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>cdom</sub>(443) and <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>nap</sub>(443) for each station (Number of samples = 51) colour coded by the bottom depth (m) (<b>B</b>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Particulate backscattering coefficient (<span class="html-italic">b</span><sub>bp</sub>) spectra for each station, mean and standard deviation (Number of samples = 52) (<b>A</b>). The <span class="html-italic">b</span><sub>bp</sub> at 555 nm versus phytoplankton absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>) at 443 nm, Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>cdom</sub>) at 443 nm and non-algal particles (NAP) absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>nap</sub>) at 443 nm with their mean square error, coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and the power law fit for the 51 stations sampled in ELNC (<b>B</b>) (axes in log10).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>In situ remote sensing reflectance (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>) spectra obtained with the TriOS sensor (<b>A</b>) and the surface distribution map of <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>(555) (<b>B</b>) (Number of samples = 48).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Comparison of Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) vs. Remote sensing reflectance from Satlantic radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>S) for the ocean colour bands and the 443:555 ratio (Number of samples = 34).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comparison of the modelled Remote sensing reflectance (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>) of the radiative-transfer equation (RTE) following Park and Ruddick [<a href="#B66-remotesensing-10-01043" class="html-bibr">66</a>] and measured Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) for each band and for the 443:555 band ratio (Number of samples = 48).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Comparisons between the in situ measured and modelled chlorophyll <span class="html-italic">a</span> concentration (Chl<span class="html-italic">a</span>) using Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) (TriOS Chl<span class="html-italic">a</span>), determined with the: OC3M (<b>A</b>), OC4 (<b>B</b>), Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM01) (<b>C</b>) and Generalized IOP (GIOP) (<b>D</b>) (Number of samples = 48). Axes in log scale.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Comparisons between the in situ measured and modelled phytoplankton absorption (<span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>) at 443 nm using Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) (TriOS <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>phy</sub>) obtained with: Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM01) (<b>A</b>), Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) (<b>B</b>), Generalized IOP (GIOP) (<b>C</b>) and Linear Matrix Inversion (LMI) (<b>D</b>) (Number of samples = 47). Axes in log scale.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Comparisons between the in situ measured and modelled absorption of Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plus non-algal particles (NAP), the <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>dg</sub> at 443 nm using Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) (TriOS <span class="html-italic">a</span><sub>dg</sub>) obtained with: Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM01) (<b>A</b>), Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) (<b>B</b>), Generalized IOP (GIOP) (<b>C</b>) and Linear Matrix Inversion (LMI) (<b>D</b>) (Number of samples = 47). Axes in log scale.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Comparisons between the in situ measured and modelled particle backscattering coefficient (<span class="html-italic">b</span><sub>bp</sub>) at 443 nm using Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>rs</sub>T) (TriOS <span class="html-italic">b</span><sub>bp</sub>) obtained with: Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM01) (<b>A</b>), Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) (<b>B</b>), Generalized IOP (GIOP) (<b>C</b>) and Linear Matrix Inversion (LMI) (<b>D</b>) (Number of samples = 47). Axes in log scale.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Turbidity estimated following Ouillon et al. [<a href="#B38-remotesensing-10-01043" class="html-bibr">38</a>] for New Caledonia (<b>A</b>) and “global” tropical coastal waters (<b>B</b>) and Dogliotti et al. [<a href="#B39-remotesensing-10-01043" class="html-bibr">39</a>] (<b>C</b>), compared to turbidity measured in situ (Number of samples = 48).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Oceanographic Campaign
2.3. Biogeochemical and Bio-Optical Properties
2.4. Radiometric Measurements
2.5. Bio-Optical Algorithms
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Environmental and Bio-Optical Characterization
3.2. In Situ Radiometry
3.2.1. Radiometric Comparisons
3.2.2. Closure Experiment
3.3. Bio-Optical Algorithm Evaluation
3.3.1. Chlorophyll a Concentration
3.3.2. Inherent Optical Properties
3.3.3. Water Turbidity
4. Conclusions and Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
0− | Just below the surface |
0+ | Just above the surface |
aphy* | Phytoplankton absorption coefficient normalized by Chla, m2/mg |
acdom | CDOM absorption coefficient, m−1 |
adg | Detritus absorption coefficient, m−1 |
anap | Non-algal particulate absorption coefficient, m−1 |
ap | Particulate absorption coefficient, m−1 |
aphy | Phytoplankton absorption coefficient, m−1 |
aw | Pure seawater absorption coefficient, m−1 |
bbp | Particulate backscattering coefficient, m−1 |
bw | Pure seawater backscattering coefficient, m−1 |
CDOM | Coloured dissolved organic matter |
Chla | Chlorophyll a concentration, mg/m³ |
Ed | Downwelling solar irradiance, W·m−1 |
ELNC | Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia |
Kd | Diffuse attenuation coefficient, m−1 |
Lu | Upwelling radiance, W·m−2·sr−1 |
Lw | Water leaving radiance, W·m−2·sr−1 |
R2 | Coefficient of determination |
Rrs | Remote sensing reflectance (just above surface), sr−1 |
RrsS | Remote sensing reflectance from Satlantic radiometer, sr−1 |
RrsT | Remote sensing reflectance from TriOS radiometer, sr−1 |
Sdg | Spectral slope of adg, nm−1 |
Sbbp | Spectral slope of bbp, nm−1 |
Scdom | Spectral slope of acdom, nm−1 |
Snap | Spectral slope of anap, nm−1 |
β | Volume scattering function, m−1 sr−1 |
λ | Wavelength, nm |
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Favareto, L.R.; Rudorff, N.; Kampel, M.; Frouin, R.; Röttgers, R.; Doxaran, D.; Murakami, H.; Dupouy, C. Bio-Optical Characterization and Ocean Colour Inversion in the Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia, South Tropical Pacific. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071043
Favareto LR, Rudorff N, Kampel M, Frouin R, Röttgers R, Doxaran D, Murakami H, Dupouy C. Bio-Optical Characterization and Ocean Colour Inversion in the Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia, South Tropical Pacific. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(7):1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071043
Chicago/Turabian StyleFavareto, Luciane Rafaele, Natália Rudorff, Milton Kampel, Robert Frouin, Rüdiger Röttgers, David Doxaran, Hiroshi Murakami, and Cécile Dupouy. 2018. "Bio-Optical Characterization and Ocean Colour Inversion in the Eastern Lagoon of New Caledonia, South Tropical Pacific" Remote Sensing 10, no. 7: 1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071043