Assessing Single-Polarization and Dual-Polarization TerraSAR-X Data for Surface Water Monitoring
"> Figure 1
<p>Map of study area showing the town of Montpellier, southern extent of Lac-Simon, and stream (Ruisseau Schryer) flowing from A (Lac-Schryer) to B (Baie-de-l’Ours). Base map is provided by the Quebec Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MERN) showing urban areas (white), water (blue), forest (dotted green), low vegetation (tan), golf course (light green), and marshlands (dashed areas). Zoomed in orange box of Google Earth imagery from July 2017 shows a flood plain surrounding the stream entering Lac-Simon at B.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Time series of Landsat 8 true colour optical images (red-green-blue (RGB): 4-3-2) from the following scenes: (<b>A</b>) 13 April 2016; (<b>B</b>) 29 April 2016; and (<b>C</b>) 16 June 2016.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Processing workflow for single- and dual-polarization data to create three final models for each TerraSAR-X (TSX) scene.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Images of parameters entropy (<b>A</b>) and alpha (<b>B</b>) for the TerraSAR-X scene from 2 April 2016.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Four Kennaugh elements derived from the dual-pol TerraSAR-X image from 2 April 2016. (<b>A</b>) K<sub>0</sub>—the total intensity sum of HH plus VV; (<b>B</b>) K<sub>3</sub>—difference double-bounce minus surface scattering; (<b>C</b>) K<sub>4</sub>—difference HH minus VV intensity; (<b>D</b>) K<sub>7</sub>—phase shift between double-bounce and surface scattering mechanisms. Open water is represented by dark blue in (<b>A</b>) and grey in (<b>B</b>). Flooded vegetation is represented by grey and yellow in (<b>B</b>) and red and yellow in (<b>C</b>). Ice cover is represented by light blue in (<b>A</b>) and dark blue in (<b>B</b>). Inundated vegetation is shown in yellow/red in (<b>C</b>) and cyan in (<b>D</b>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Grey-level thresholding classified models showing water (black) and other (grey) for (<b>A</b>) 2 April 2016; (<b>B</b>) 24 April 2016; (<b>C</b>) 5 May 2016; and (<b>D</b>) 18 June 2016. Coloured boxes indicate example areas of temporal change: blue—ice melting; red—marshland dries out; yellow—areas of misclassification due to ice (<b>A</b>) and vegetation (<b>C</b>).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>H-Alpha–Wishart classified models showing water (black), flooded vegetation (blue), and other (grey) for (<b>A</b>) 2 April 2016; (<b>B</b>) 24 April 2016; (<b>C</b>) 5 May 2016; and (<b>D</b>) 18 June 2016. Coloured boxes indicate example areas of change: blue—golf course misclassified as water; red—marshland dries out; yellow—flooded vegetation decreases, and misclassification of fields.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>False colour composites of the processed Kennaugh elements, K<sub>3</sub>-K<sub>0</sub>-K<sub>4</sub>, from (<b>A</b>) 2 April, (<b>B</b>) 24 April, (<b>C</b>) 5 May, and (<b>D</b>) 18 June 2016. Open water appears in pink, ice in dark purple, flooded vegetation in white/light pink, and ‘other’ in green and blue.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Graphs of the average of each class for the Kennaugh elements used to classify water (red), flooded vegetation (yellow), and other (black). (<b>A</b>) 2 April 2016; (<b>B</b>) 24 April 2016; (<b>C</b>) 5 May 2016; and (<b>D</b>) 18 June 2016.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Kennaugh Element models classified showing water (black), flooded vegetation (blue), and other (grey) for (<b>A</b>) 2 April 2016; (<b>B</b>) 24 April 2016; (<b>C</b>) 5 May 2016; and (<b>D</b>) 18 June 2016. Coloured boxes indicate example areas of change: blue—golf course misclassified as water; red—marshland dries with time; yellow—flooded vegetation decrease, and misclassification of field areas; green—ice melting.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>False colour composite of the differential Kennaugh elements, K<sub>0</sub>-K<sub>3</sub>-K<sub>4</sub>, differenced between the 18 June 2016 scene and the 2 April 2016 scene. Red represents the change from flooded vegetation to land. Green represents the change from ice to open water. Yellow represents the change from open water to marshland.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Graphs showing percent of water and percent of flooded vegetation classified through time for each of the classification methods. Lines: Blue diamond—unsupervised k-means classification on Kennaugh Elements, orange square—H-Alpha–Wishart unsupervised classification, and grey triangle—grey-level thresholding.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Description and Methodology
2.1. Study Area and Data Description
2.2. Classification Methods
3. Results
3.1. Single Polarization Classification
3.2. Dual-Polarization Classification: H-Alpha–Wishart
3.3. Dual-Polarization Classification: Kennaugh Element Framework
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Date (2016) | Mode | Polarization | Product | Look Direction | Path | Incidence Angle (o) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 April | stripmap | HH/VV | SSC | Right | Descending | 39 |
2 | 24 April | stripmap | HH/VV | SSC | Right | Descending | 39 |
3 | 5 May | stripmap | HH/VV | SSC | Right | Descending | 39 |
4 | 18 June | stripmap | HH/VV | SSC | Right | Descending | 39 |
Date (2016) | Threshold Value (dB) | Water (%) | Other (%) |
---|---|---|---|
2 April | −17.38 | 8 | 92 |
24 April | −19.68 | 9 | 91 |
5 May | −18.56 | 10 | 90 |
18 June | −18.87 | 10 | 90 |
Date (2016) | Water (%) | Flooded Vegetation (%) | Other (%) |
---|---|---|---|
2 April | 17 | 5 | 78 |
24 April | 15 | 6 | 79 |
5 May | 16 | 2 | 82 |
18 June | 12 | 6 | 82 |
Date (2016) | Water (%) | Flooded Vegetation (%) | Other (%) |
---|---|---|---|
2 April | 16 | 13 | 72 |
24 April | 12 | 13 | 75 |
5 May | 13 | 5 | 82 |
18 June | 12 | 5 | 83 |
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Irwin, K.; Braun, A.; Fotopoulos, G.; Roth, A.; Wessel, B. Assessing Single-Polarization and Dual-Polarization TerraSAR-X Data for Surface Water Monitoring. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060949
Irwin K, Braun A, Fotopoulos G, Roth A, Wessel B. Assessing Single-Polarization and Dual-Polarization TerraSAR-X Data for Surface Water Monitoring. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(6):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060949
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrwin, Katherine, Alexander Braun, Georgia Fotopoulos, Achim Roth, and Birgit Wessel. 2018. "Assessing Single-Polarization and Dual-Polarization TerraSAR-X Data for Surface Water Monitoring" Remote Sensing 10, no. 6: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060949