Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach
"> Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) General area of study and High-Frequency (HF) radar coverage area, where arcs are shown emerging concentrically from one radar site. Locations of the B1 and B2 buoys and four radar sites (SILL, FINI, VILA, and PRIO) are marked with filled dots and squares, respectively. Bathymetric contours show depths at 400 and 1500 m; (<b>b</b>) The daily averaged significant wave height (Hs) predicted in the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) regional domain (24 February 2015).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Two-month comparison of high-frequency radar (HFR)-derived significant wave height (red line) against in situ observations (blue line). (<b>a</b>) Silleiro site against B1 buoy; (<b>b</b>) Vilano site against B2 buoy. Skill metrics are gathered in black boxes on the right side. N represents the number of hourly observations.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Monthly boxplots of Hs registered at the B1 buoy for a two-year period (2015–2016). In each box, the central mark is the median, the edges of the box are the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers extend to the most extreme data points. Three periods of maximum Hs values have been selected (red boxes) (<b>b</b>–<b>g</b>) (<b>Left</b>) Time series of Hs estimations provided by the B1 buoy (blue dots), SILL radar site (green dots), and IBI-WAV (solid red line) for the three selected periods. (<b>Right</b>) Time-averaged Hs fields predicted by IBI-WAV for the three selected periods. Black filled dots represent the B1 buoy location.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Q-Q plots derived from the intercomparison between in situ (B1 buoy), remote sensed (SILL radar site—HFR), and modeled (IBI-WAV) Hs data for the 2015–2016 wintertime period: 5–99.9% quantiles were established (red filled dots); (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) Comparison of Hs versus Tp for each data source; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) Comparison of the main wave directions registered at the B1 buoy, SILL radar site, and IBI-WAV in the closest grid point, respectively.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>q</b>) Daily validation of IBI-WAV versus satellite-derived Hs estimations during the movement of storm Ophelia though the IBI area (15–17 October 2017, from top to bottom). The dotted black box represents the study area. Three-hourly (3-h) time steps were selected for performing the comparisons. Daily mean (dm) of IBI-WAV Hs fields are also provided, together with the best linear fit of scatterplots and histograms and maps of daily differences. (<b>r</b>) Location of B1 and B2 buoys within the Galician region. (<b>s</b>–<b>t</b>) Validation of Hs predicted by the IBI-WAV model (red line) against in situ estimation from B1 and B2 buoys (blue dots), respectively, during October 2017.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Wave (IBI-WAV) Operational Forecasting System
2.2. In Situ Observations
2.3. HF Radar (HFR)
2.4. Satellite Data
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Skill Assessment of HF Radar Wave Height Estimations
3.2. Analysis of Extreme Wave Height Events in Galicia (2015–2016)
3.3. Use of Satellite-Sensed and IBI-WAV Hs Estimations to Analyze the Impact of Storm Ophelia (October 2017)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metrics | Period 1 (2 Months) | Period 2 (3 Months) | Period 3 (1 Month) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBI-WAV Versus… | B1 | HFR | B1 | HFR | B1 | HFR |
Hourly data | 1416 | 1113 | 2184 | 1904 | 744 | 390 |
Bias (m) | −0.20 | −0.44 | −0.13 | −0.39 | −0.19 | −0.96 |
RMSE (m) | 0.47 | 1.06 | 0.41 | 1.09 | 0.38 | 1.03 |
CORR | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.75 |
Hs | Period 1 (2 Months) | Period 2 (3 Months) | Period 3 (1 Month) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | B1 | HFR | IBIW | B1 | HFR | IBIW | B1 | HFR | IBIW |
Hourly data | 1416 | 1113 | 1416 | 2184 | 1904 | 2184 | 744 | 390 | 744 |
Mean (m) | 3.34 | 3.99 | 3.13 | 3.83 | 4.27 | 3.70 | 2.71 | 4.19 | 2.52 |
Std (m) | 1.47 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.29 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.04 |
Maximum (m) | 8.55 | 8.5 | 7.51 | 9.38 | 9.83 | 8.64 | 7.03 | 6.02 | 5.86 |
High (P90) (m) | 5.39 | 5.66 | 5.33 | 5.51 | 6.12 | 5.48 | 4.34 | 5.46 | 3.85 |
N Events P90 | 118 | 98 | 128 | 178 | 171 | 196 | 65 | 35 | 67 |
Extreme (P99) | 7.27 | 7.96 | 6.89 | 7.69 | 8.35 | 7.25 | 6.33 | 8.04 | 5.79 |
N Events P99 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 19 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
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Lorente, P.; Sotillo, M.G.; Aouf, L.; Amo-Baladrón, A.; Barrera, E.; Dalphinet, A.; Toledano, C.; Rainaud, R.; De Alfonso, M.; Piedracoba, S.; et al. Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001
Lorente P, Sotillo MG, Aouf L, Amo-Baladrón A, Barrera E, Dalphinet A, Toledano C, Rainaud R, De Alfonso M, Piedracoba S, et al. Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorente, Pablo, Marcos G. Sotillo, Lotfi Aouf, Arancha Amo-Baladrón, Ernesto Barrera, Alice Dalphinet, Cristina Toledano, Romain Rainaud, Marta De Alfonso, Silvia Piedracoba, and et al. 2018. "Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach" Remote Sensing 10, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001