Modifying the Ambient Light Spectrum Using LED Lamps Alters the Phenolic Profile of Hydroponically Grown Greenhouse Lettuce Plants without Affecting Their Agronomic Characteristics
<p>Relative index of chlorophyll concentration of ‘Levistro’ lettuce plants grown hydroponically under ambient light enriched with different LED light spectra. B (blue; 47:22:21:10; 0.5:1), W (white; 30:38:23:9; 0.8:1), BR (blue-red; 33:15:44:8; 1.3:1), R (red; 16:16:60:8; 3.8:1) and C (control; ambient light; 25:30:31:14; 1.2:1). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among light spectra and uppercase letters indicate significant differences between evaluation days by Tukey’s test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05). Mean (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) ± SE.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Gene relative expression of ‘Levistro’ lettuce plants grown hydroponically under ambient light enriched with different LED light spectra. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Coumarate 3-hydroxylase</span> (<span class="html-italic">C3H</span>) gene relative expression; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">flavonol synthase</span> (<span class="html-italic">FLS</span>) gene relative expression. <span class="html-italic">18S</span> reference gene. B (blue; 47:22:21:10; 0.5:1), W (white; 30:38:23:9; 0.8:1), BR (blue-red; 33:15:44:8; 1.3:1), R (red; 16:16:60:8; 3.8:1) and C (control; ambient light; 25:30:31:14; 1.2:1). Different letters indicate significant differences using Tukey’s test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05). Mean (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) ± SE.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Ambient light enriched with different LED light spectra under which ‘Levistro’ lettuce plants were grown for 28 days: (<b>a</b>) ambient light enriched with blue LED light (47:22:21:10; 0.5:1); (<b>b</b>) ambient light enriched with white LED light (30:38:23:9; 0.8:1); (<b>c</b>) ambient light enriched with blue-red LED light (33:15:44:8; 1.3:1); (<b>d</b>) ambient light enriched with red LED light (16:16:60:8; 3.8:1) and (<b>e</b>) the control’s ambient light without enrichment (25:30:31:14; 1.2:1). The colors correspond to the wavelengths of the light spectrum. The continuous line in black corresponds to the reference spectrum chosen (McCree’s action spectrum).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Daily light integral (DLI) under each treatment in which ambient light was enriched with different light spectra for 28 days. B (blue; 47:22:21:10; 0.5:1), W (white; 30:38:23:9; 0.8:1), BR (blue-red; 33:15:44:8; 1.3:1), R (red; 16:16:60:8; 3.8:1) and C (control; ambient light; 25:30:31:14; 1.2:1). Mean (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) ± SE.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Agronomic Characteristics
2.1.1. Fresh Weight (FW) and Dried Weight Percent (DWP)
2.1.2. Leaf Number
2.1.3. Relative Index of Chlorophyll Concentration (RIC)
2.2. Phenolic Profile and Gene Relative Expression
2.2.1. Phenolic Profile
2.2.2. Gene Relative Expression
3. Discussion
3.1. Agronomic Characteristics
3.1.1. Fresh Weight (FW), Dried Weight Percentage (DWP) and Leaf Number
3.1.2. Relative Index of Chlorophyll Concentration (RIC)
3.1.3. Phenolic Profile and Relative Gene Expression
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
4.2. Treatments
4.3. Evaluations
4.3.1. Fresh Weight (FW)
4.3.2. Dried Weight Percentage (DWP)
4.3.3. Leaf Number
4.3.4. Relative Index of Chlorophyll Concentration (RIC)
4.3.5. Phenolic Profile
4.3.6. RNA Isolation and Relative Expression of Genes
4.4. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | DLI 1 | PAR 2 | Fresh Weight | Dried Weight | Leaf Number | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light | Spectrum | R:B Ratio 3 | mol m−2 day−1 | µmoles m−2 s−1 | g plant−1 | % | plant−1 |
Blue (B) | 47:22:21:10 | 0.5:1 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 331 ± 26 | 35.6 ± 3.3 a 4 | 9.1 ± 0.2 a | 14.7 ± 0.6 b |
White (W) | 30:38:23:9 | 0.8:1 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 330 ± 25 | 38.3 ± 5.9 a | 9.2 ± 0.4 a | 15.3 ± 1.2 ab |
Blue-Red (BR) | 33:15:44:8 | 1.3:1 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 336 ± 20 | 41.4 ± 3.4 a | 9.0 ± 0.6 a | 16.7 ± 1.0 a |
Red (R) | 16:16:60:8 | 3.8:1 | 9.6 ± 1.1 | 328 ± 24 | 40.6 ± 7.1 a | 9.8 ± 0.7 a | 16.4 ± 0.7 a |
Control 5 | 25:30:31:14 | 1.2:1 | 16.9 ± 1.9 | 702 ± 126 | 40.6 ± 7.0 a | 9.1 ± 0.3 a | 16.2 ± 0.8 ab |
Treatments | DLI 1 | PAR 2 | Caftaric Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | Caffeoylmalic Acid | Chicoric Acid | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | Total Quercetin | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light | Spectrum | R:B Ratio 3 | mol m−2 day−1 | µmoles m−2 s−1 | mg g−1 Dried Weight | |||||||
Blue (B) | 47:22:21:10 | 0.5:1 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 331 ± 26 | 0.3 ± 0.0 c 4 | 6.1 ± 0.6 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 5.9 ± 0.2 ab | 0.8 ± 0.2 ab | 1.8 ± 0.3 ab | 2.5 ± 0.4 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 c |
White (W) | 30:38:23:9 | 0.8:1 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 330 ± 25 | 0.3 ± 0.0 c | 4.7 ± 0.4 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 5.7 ± 0.3 b | 0.6 ± 0.2 bc | 1.6 ± 0.3 ab | 2.3 ± 0.2 ab | 0.7 ± 0.1 b |
Blue-Red (BR) | 33:15:44:8 | 1.3:1 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 336 ± 20 | 0.3 ± 0.0 c | 6.1 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 6.3 ± 0.6 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 bc | 1.6 ± 0.3 ab | 2.2 ± 0.3 ab | 0.6 ± 0.1 b |
Red (R) | 16:16:60:8 | 3.8:1 | 9.6 ± 1.1 | 328 ± 24 | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 5.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 5.3 ± 0.5 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 c | 1.4 ± 0.4 b | 1.9 ± 0.5 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 c |
Control 5 | 25:30:31:14 | 1.2:1 | 16.9 ± 1.9 | 702 ± 126 | 0.4 ± 0.0 bc | 4.5 ± 0.3 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 5.6 ± 0.4 b | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.2 a | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a |
Light | Spectrum Blue:Green:Red:Far-Red | Red:Blue Ratio (R:B) | DLI 1 | PAR 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
mol m−2 day−1 | µmol m−2 s−1 | |||
Blue (B) | 47:22:21:10 | 0.5:1 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 331 ± 26 |
White (W) | 30:38:23:9 | 0.8:1 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 330 ± 25 |
Blue-Red (BR) | 33:15:44:8 | 1.3:1 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 336 ± 20 |
Red (R) | 16:16:60:8 | 3.8:1 | 9.6 ± 1.1 | 328 ± 24 |
Control (ambient light) | 25:30:31:14 | 1.2:1 | 16.9 ± 1.9 | 702 ± 126 |
Gene | Annealing | Extension | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Time | Temperature | Time | |
°C | s | °C | s | |
18S 1 | 60 | 30 | 72 | 8 |
C3H 2 | 58 | 30 | 72 | 9 |
FLS 3 | 56 | 30 | 72 | 9 |
Gene | 5′→3′ | 3′→5′ | Length |
---|---|---|---|
bp | |||
18S 1 | GCC TAC TAT GGT GGT GAC GG | CTA CCT CCC CGT GTC AGG AT | 129 |
C3H 2 | CAA GAA GAG CTC GAC CGT GT | TTG CAT TGG CTT TGT GTG GG | 148 |
FLS 3 | CCA TAC AGA ATA TGT CCT CCA TCA CC | GCT CAA TAT GTC CAT TTG GTC ACC | 146 |
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Hernández-Adasme, C.; Silva, H.; Peña, Á.; Vargas-Martínez, M.G.; Salazar-Parra, C.; Sun, B.; Escalona Contreras, V. Modifying the Ambient Light Spectrum Using LED Lamps Alters the Phenolic Profile of Hydroponically Grown Greenhouse Lettuce Plants without Affecting Their Agronomic Characteristics. Plants 2024, 13, 2466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172466
Hernández-Adasme C, Silva H, Peña Á, Vargas-Martínez MG, Salazar-Parra C, Sun B, Escalona Contreras V. Modifying the Ambient Light Spectrum Using LED Lamps Alters the Phenolic Profile of Hydroponically Grown Greenhouse Lettuce Plants without Affecting Their Agronomic Characteristics. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172466
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Adasme, Cristian, Herman Silva, Álvaro Peña, María Gabriela Vargas-Martínez, Carolina Salazar-Parra, Bo Sun, and Víctor Escalona Contreras. 2024. "Modifying the Ambient Light Spectrum Using LED Lamps Alters the Phenolic Profile of Hydroponically Grown Greenhouse Lettuce Plants without Affecting Their Agronomic Characteristics" Plants 13, no. 17: 2466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172466