After-Effects of Hydrochar Amendment on Water Spinach Production, N Leaching, and N2O Emission from a Vegetable Soil under Varying N-Inputs
<p>Responses of N contents of water spinach to hydrochar amendments under three N-inputs, i.e., 200 kg/ha (<b>A</b>), 160 kg/ha (<b>B</b>). and 120 kg/ha (<b>C</b>). Error bars represent the SD of the mean of three replicates. Identical letters above each column in the chart indicate the differences between each treatment with same N input were not statistically significant, according to Duncan’s post hoc test at level of <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The pH (<b>A</b>) and EC (<b>B</b>) of leachate sampled at three observations on 30 July, 11 August, and 29 August 2021. Error bars represent the SD of the mean of three replicates. Same letters above column chart indicate the differences between each treatment with same N input were not statistically significant, according to Duncan’s post hoc test at level of <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N (<b>A</b>), NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N (<b>B</b>), organic (<b>C</b>) and total N (<b>D</b>) of leachate sampled at three observations on 30 July, 11 and 29 August 2021. Error bars represent the SD of the mean of three replicates. Different (same) letters above column chart indicate the differences between each treatment with same N input were (not) statistically significant, according to Duncan’s post hoc test at level of <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effects of biochar on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission rate (<b>A</b>) and the total N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux (<b>B</b>) in a water-spinach-planted vegetable soil receiving three N inputs. Error bars represent the SD of the mean of three replicates. Different letters above column chart indicate the differences between each treatment with same N input were statistically significant, according to Duncan’s post hoc test at level of <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Production of Water Spinach
2.2. The N Contents and Uptake Capacity of Water Spinach
2.3. The Properties of Leachate
2.4. N2O Emission
3. Discussion
3.1. Hydrochar with High Rate Improves Production of Water Spinach under Reducing N Inputs
3.2. Hydrochar Potentially Increase the N Leaching Risk
3.3. Effects of Hydrochar on N2O Emission Depend on N Rate
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil and Hydrochar Characterization, Soil Column Installation
4.2. Experiment Design and Crop Management
4.3. Sampling and Measurements
4.3.1. Plant Sample and Its Total N Content Determination
4.3.2. N2O Emission
4.3.3. The pH, EC, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, Organic and Total N Concentrations in Leachate
4.4. Data Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Shoot Biomass of Water Spinach Plant at Different Sample Date (Fresh Weight, g/pot) | |||||
30 July 2021 | 13 August 2021 | 1 September 2021 | 20 September 2021 | Total | ||
N200 | BC0 | 89.0 ± 36.2 a | 110.1 ± 34.3 a | 272.9 ± 36.8 a | 196.5 ± 21.5 a | 668.4 ± 58.4 a |
BC-0.5% | 89.6 ± 29.4 a | 129.7 ± 52.4 a | 288.2 ± 40.2 a | 201.0 ± 44.5 a | 708.5 ± 48.5 a | |
BC-2.0% | 104.9 ± 27.7 a | 139.8 ± 21.9 a | 288.6 ± 48.6 a | 205.9 ± 13.8 a | 738.8 ± 18.6 a | |
N160 | BC0 | 130.5 ± 47.3 a | 96.8 ± 17.1 a | 234.7 ± 15.1 a | 189.0 ± 32.4 a | 650.4 ± 53.7 b |
BC-0.5% | 84.4 ± 36.1 a | 106.1 ± 27.9 a | 243.7 ± 12.7 a | 206.5 ± 52.7 a | 640.8 ± 62.9 b | |
BC-2.0% | 103.1 ± 21.3 a | 136.7 ± 18.9 a | 278.8 ± 39.4 a | 207.3 ± 19.0 a | 725.9 ± 56.7 a | |
N80 | BC0 | 70.9 ± 16.7 b | 108.4 ± 15.2 b | 221.0 ± 13.9 a | 215.5 ± 45.7 a | 615.8 ± 52.4 b |
BC-0.5% | 64.3 ± 21.3 b | 139.2 ± 13.6 ab | 191.6 ± 15.6 a | 197.1 ± 34.6 a | 592.3 ± 36.7 b | |
BC-2.0% | 119.9 ± 12.3 a | 155.3 ± 16.7 a | 206.6 ± 18.5 a | 221.3 ± 18.7 a | 703.0 ± 12.1 a |
Treatment | N Uptake Capacity of Water Spinach at Different Sample Time (mg/pot) | |||||
30 July 2021 | 13 August 2021 | 1 September 2021 | 20 September 2021 | Total | ||
N200 | BC0 | 42 ± 8 a | 44 ± 14 a | 102 ± 11 a | 83 ± 3 a | 272 ± 7 a |
BC-0.5% | 42 ± 11 a | 50 ± 22 a | 113 ± 27 a | 84 ± 22 a | 289 ± 76 a | |
BC-2.0% | 49 ± 18 a | 51 ± 14 a | 116 ± 12 a | 85 ± 13 a | 301 ± 47 a | |
N160 | BC0 | 54 ± 20 a | 39 ± 3 a | 88 ± 6 a | 76 ± 10 a | 258 ± 18 a |
BC-0.5% | 37 ± 17 a | 40 ± 12 a | 90 ± 12 a | 81 ± 21 a | 247 ± 44 a | |
BC-2.0% | 42 ± 10 a | 54 ± 6 a | 99 ± 20 a | 80 ± 5 a | 276 ± 27 a | |
N120 | BC0 | 30 ± 6 b | 43 ± 3 a | 72 ± 7 a | 83 ± 19 a | 227 ± 22 b |
BC-0.5% | 27 ± 7 b | 56 ± 17 a | 70 ± 7 a | 78 ± 10 a | 232 ± 4 b | |
BC-2.0% | 52 ± 8 a | 62 ± 3 a | 77 ± 3 a | 89 ± 9 a | 279 ± 10 a |
N Losses | Treatment | Sampling Date | Total | |||
g/pot | 21 July 2021 | 11 August 2021 | 29 August 2021 | |||
NH4+-N | N200 | BC0 | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.03 a | 1.07 ± 0.07 a |
BC-0.5% | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.04 a | 1.06 ± 0.08 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.37 ± 0.04 a | 0.37 ± 0.04 a | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 1.13 ± 0.13 a | ||
N160 | BC0 | 0.42 ± 0.09 a | 0.34 ± 0.04 b | 0.35 ± 0.05 a | 1.11 ± 0.17 a | |
BC-0.5% | 0.45 ± 0.04 a | 0.39 ± 0.03 ab | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 1.22 ± 0.11 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.50 ± 0.03 a | 0.44 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.02 a | 1.34 ± 0.05 a | ||
N120 | BC0 | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 b | 0.87 ± 0.02 b | |
BC-0.5% | 0.47 ± 0.00 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.17 a | 1.27 ± 0.16 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.39 ± 0.10 ab | 0.39 ± 0.07 a | 0.41 ± 0.06 ab | 1.19 ± 0.23 a | ||
NO3−-N | N200 | BC0 | 0.33 ± 0.02 c | 1.50 ± 0.44 a | 1.59 ± 0.18 a | 3.42 ± 0.59 a |
BC-0.5% | 0.53 ± 0.01 b | 2.20 ± 0.38 a | 1.54 ± 0.64 a | 4.27 ± 0.97 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.71 ± 0.08 a | 1.83 ± 0.62 a | 2.45 ± 1.37 a | 4.99 ± 1.90 a | ||
N160 | BC0 | 0.47 ± 0.18 a | 1.71 ± 0.64 b | 2.31 ± 0.80 a | 4.49 ± 1.25 a | |
BC-0.5% | 0.28 ± 0.06 b | 2.82 ± 0.62 a | 2.69 ± 0.11 a | 5.79 ± 0.71 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.20 ± 0.04 b | 2.59 ± 0.33 ab | 1.99 ± 0.22 a | 4.78 ± 0.32 a | ||
N120 | BC0 | 0.21 ± 0.07 b | 2.34 ± 0.23 a | 2.56 ± 0.29 a | 5.11 ± 0.48 a | |
BC-0.5% | 0.19 ± 0.01 b | 2.53 ± 0.71 a | 3.05 ± 0.79 a | 5.76 ± 1.45 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 0.52 ± 0.07 a | 2.90 ± 0.45 a | 3.11 ± 0.59 a | 6.52 ± 0.72 a | ||
Organic N | N200 | BC0 | 1.31 ± 0.08 b | 2.14 ± 0.76 b | 2.63 ± 0.68 b | 6.08 ± 1.27 b |
BC-0.5% | 1.27 ± 0.10 b | 2.40 ± 0.74 b | 2.21 ± 0.16 b | 5.89 ± 0.77 b | ||
BC-2.0% | 1.87 ± 0.20 a | 4.05 ± 0.91 a | 2.85 ± 0.22 b | 8.77 ± 0.82 a | ||
N160 | BC0 | 1.27 ± 0.52 b | 2.11 ± 0.67 b | 3.11 ± 0.74 a | 6.49 ± 0.44 b | |
BC-0.5% | 1.68 ± 0.42 b | 2.93 ± 0.06 b | 2.91 ± 0.23 a | 7.52 ± 0.27 b | ||
BC-2.0% | 2.20 ± 1.29 a | 4.14 ± 0.19 a | 3.15 ± 0.87 a | 9.49 ± 0.94 a | ||
N120 | BC0 | 1.07 ± 0.20 b | 2.01 ± 0.46 b | 2.14 ± 0.29 b | 5.21 ± 0.54 c | |
BC-0.5% | 1.62 ± 0.12 a | 2.98 ± 0.10 b | 3.07 ± 0.30 b | 7.68 ± 0.46 b | ||
BC-2.0% | 1.62 ± 0.23 a | 4.07 ± 0.50 a | 4.16 ± 0.52 a | 9.85 ± 1.07 a | ||
Total N | N200 | BC0 | 1.98 ± 0.10 b | 4.00 ± 1.21 b | 4.59 ± 0.88 ab | 10.6 ± 1.90 a |
BC-0.5% | 2.16 ± 0.08 b | 4.94 ± 1.12 ab | 4.12 ± 0.83 d | 11.2 ± 1.75 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 2.95 ± 0.32 a | 6.25 ± 1.49 a | 5.69 ± 1.20 a | 14.9 ± 2.82 a | ||
N160 | BC0 | 2.16 ± 0.50 b | 4.16 ± 1.31 b | 5.78 ± 0.25 a | 12.1 ± 1.69 b | |
BC-0.5% | 2.41 ± 0.51 ab | 6.14 ± 0.57 a | 5.98 ± 0.14 a | 14.5 ± 0.59 ab | ||
BC-2.0% | 2.89 ± 0.34 a | 7.17 ± 0.37 a | 5.54 ± 0.66 a | 15.6 ± 1.06 a | ||
N120 | BC0 | 1.58 ± 0.15 b | 4.63 ± 0.49 b | 4.99 ± 0.32 b | 11.2 ± 0.62 b | |
BC-0.5% | 2.27 ± 0.11 a | 5.85 ± 0.67 ab | 6.59 ± 0.56 a | 14.7 ± 1.07 a | ||
BC-2.0% | 2.52 ± 0.35 a | 7.36 ± 0.75 a | 7.67 ± 1.09 a | 17.6 ± 1.85 a |
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Sun, H.; Chen, Y.; Yi, Z. After-Effects of Hydrochar Amendment on Water Spinach Production, N Leaching, and N2O Emission from a Vegetable Soil under Varying N-Inputs. Plants 2022, 11, 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243444
Sun H, Chen Y, Yi Z. After-Effects of Hydrochar Amendment on Water Spinach Production, N Leaching, and N2O Emission from a Vegetable Soil under Varying N-Inputs. Plants. 2022; 11(24):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243444
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Haijun, Ying Chen, and Zhenghua Yi. 2022. "After-Effects of Hydrochar Amendment on Water Spinach Production, N Leaching, and N2O Emission from a Vegetable Soil under Varying N-Inputs" Plants 11, no. 24: 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243444