SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development
<p>Stomatal lineage, starting from protodermal cell to pair of GCs enclosing stomata. Arrow lines indicate the progression of cells in the lineage. Hypothetically, the stomatal lineage ground cell (SLGC) will differentiate into a pavement cell if its neighboring cell is a meristemoid from another cell division. If the SLGC neighbor cell is an SLGC from another cell division, it will undergo a spacing division. Hypothetically, the meristemoid will progress into guard mother cells (GMC) if it is surrounded by SLGCs or pavement cells; otherwise, it will continue amplifying to attain enough SLGCs for a single-celled space rule. Cells may exit lineage in any stage due to unfavorable intrinsic or extrinsic conditions.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Role of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors: SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA in stomatal development. SPCH regulates protodermal cells’ transition to meristemoid mother cell (MMC), rounds of amplifying cell division, and spacing division to form satellite meristemoids. The defective SPCH mutant exhibits pavement-celled epidermis entirely, whereas overexpression of MUTE in the SPCH background exhibits epidermis with the fewer-stomata phenotype. MUTE facilitates the meristemoid transition to GMC. The defective MUTE mutant arrests cell lineage at the meristemoid stage, whereas the overexpression of MUTE in the wild-type (WT) background shows a phenotype of too many stomata. FAMA plays a vital role in GMC’s symmetric division into a pair of GCs with a stomatal opening between them. The defective FAMA mutant presents a stomata-in-stomata or FAMA-tumor phenotype.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The ligand-receptor interactions are regulating SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Ligand (EPF1 and EPF2) binds to the receptor complex (ERf/TMM/SERK). It activates the MPK cascade (YDA-MKK-MPK) that suppresses SPCH, probably suppresses MUTE, and promotes FAMA for respective action during stomatal development. SPCH induces the expression of EPF2 and TMM in a negative feedback mechanism. MUTE induces ERLI and suppresses EPF2. ERL1 regulates meristemoid transition into GMC upon perceiving EPF1. MUTE upregulates CYC and CDK symmetric cell divisions of GMCs. MUTE locks in the cells and upregulates FLP and FAMA in the differentiation program that suppresses the cell cycle’s regulators to control single symmetric cell division. On the right, CLE9/10 is perceived by HSL1 and SERK complex, and signals from this activated complex result in SPCH phosphorylation and destabilization.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Molecular intersections, role, and mechanism of cell cycle regulators during stomatal formation. Sarcastically selected protodermal cells divide asymmetrically into large SLGC and small meristemoid compartments. Meristemoids, after several amplifying divisions, become a GMC, which divides into a pair of GCs with an opening in between them to form stomata. SPCH, MUTE, FAMA, and FLP/MYB88 regulate all these steps. CDKA;1 can phosphorylate both RBR1 and SPCH; CYCD3 cyclins are the direct targets of SPCH; SPCH expresses SOL1/2, which participates in meristemoid-to-GMC and subsequent symmetric cell division. GIG1 and MYB3R4 synergistically specify cell fate during stomatal lineage development. MUTE controls cell cycle-related core genes and their transcriptional suppressors. TSO1 expression is independent of SPCH or MUTE, physically interacts with MYB3R1, and promotes GMC’s symmetric division. Fate reversion of GCs to MMC requires FAMA/FLP-RBR1 interaction. Black arrows and solid lines mean the place where the factors execute. Dashed lines represent a potential role. T-ended lines indicate suppression.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1), especially subunit KIN10, promoted phosphorylation and stabilization of SPCH-mediates stomatal development under short photoperiod or liquid cultures (mild energy starvation of plants). Sucrose induces the accumulation of KIN10 protein by increasing its translation. Overexpression of KIN10 increases the stomatal index, whereas the loss of function of KIN10-decreases the stomatal index.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>PP2A’s A subunit, which directly interacts with SPCH, in association with B and C subunits and SPCH dephosphorylates SPCH at a specific site. PP2A-induced dephosphorylation increases SPCH accumulation and stability.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA in Stomata Development
3. Ligand, Receptor, MPK Cascade, and Associated Pathways in Stomatal Development
4. Feedback Regulation of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA
5. Cell Cycle Regulators Join bHLH Transcription Factors to Control Stomatal Development
6. Fate Transition and Cell Divisions in Stomatal Lineage
7. Highly Conserved SnRK1 Positively Regulates SPCH-Mediated Stomatal Development
8. Protein Phosphatase 2A-Mediates SPCH Stability by Dephosphorylating It
9. IDD16 Represses SPCH-Induced Stomatal Initiation
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wakeel, A.; Wang, L.; Xu, M. SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development. Plants 2021, 10, 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030432
Wakeel A, Wang L, Xu M. SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development. Plants. 2021; 10(3):432. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030432
Chicago/Turabian StyleWakeel, Abdul, Lin Wang, and Ming Xu. 2021. "SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development" Plants 10, no. 3: 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030432