Non-Coding RNA in Pancreas and β-Cell Development
<p>(<b>A</b>) Diagram of the major morphogenic events during islet development. (<b>B</b>) A cascade of different transcription factors, hormones and cell specific markers are expressed within different stages of pancreatic development that are responsible for the morphogenic events leading to islet formation and cellular differentiation. The diagram was inspired by [<a href="#B6-ncrna-04-00041" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B13-ncrna-04-00041" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. DP, Dorsal pancreatic bud; VP, Ventral pancreatic bud; GB, Gall bladder; dpc, days post conception; CS, Cambridge stage.</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>(<b>A</b>) Diagram of the major morphogenic events during islet development. (<b>B</b>) A cascade of different transcription factors, hormones and cell specific markers are expressed within different stages of pancreatic development that are responsible for the morphogenic events leading to islet formation and cellular differentiation. The diagram was inspired by [<a href="#B6-ncrna-04-00041" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B13-ncrna-04-00041" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. DP, Dorsal pancreatic bud; VP, Ventral pancreatic bud; GB, Gall bladder; dpc, days post conception; CS, Cambridge stage.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Pie charts showing the percentage of (<b>A</b>) the different genes and (<b>B</b>) different RNA types from the human reference genome (GRCh38.p12) following the RefSeq annotation assembly. The annotations are available from the genome database part of the NCBI database, and the data depicted above are from the Annotation Release 109 (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?term=human+genome" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?term=human+genome</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_euk/Homo_sapiens/109/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_euk/Homo_sapiens/109/</a>).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The biogenesis of miRNAs. A schematic depicting the biogenesis and function of a mature miRNA. Primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and processed by Drosha and DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8). The precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) is then exported by exportin-5 (EXP-5) out into the cytoplasm. Here, the pre-miRNA is further cleaved by Dicer to yield a double-stranded miRNA duplex. After strand selection, the mature miRNA associates with the RISC. The degree of complementarity between the miRNA and the target mRNA determines whether the mRNA is degraded or the translation process is blocked.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>An overview of the imprinted genomic region on human chromosome 14 between <span class="html-italic">DLK1</span> and <span class="html-italic">DIO3</span>. Genes marked in green are paternally expressed and genes marked in orange are maternally expressed. DMR: the <span class="html-italic">MEG3</span> differentially methylated region. Shown are also single miRNAs, the miRNA clusters, <span class="html-italic">SNORD</span> genes and other ncRNAs. Redrawn and updated with inspiration from Benetatos et al. (2013) [<a href="#B157-ncrna-04-00041" class="html-bibr">157</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction to Pancreas and Islet Cell Development
2. A Primer on Short and Long Non-Coding RNAs
2.1. Categorization of Non-Coding RNAs
2.2. MicroRNA Biogenesis and Function
3. MicroRNAs and Non-Coding RNAs in Fetal Pancreas and Islet Development
3.1. Stage-Specific Expression of MicroRNAs
3.2. lncRNAs in Human and Mouse Pancreatic Islets
3.3. piRNAs in Pancreatic Islets
3.4. Pancreatic Islet Circular RNAs
3.5. NcRNAs in Pancreatic Alpha Cells versus β-Cells
3.6. Imprinted ncRNAs and β-Cell Development
3.7. Fetal Programming and ncRNAs in Control of β-Cell Growth and Exocytosis
3.8. Species Differences in ncRNAs between Mouse and Human
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wong, W.K.M.; Sørensen, A.E.; Joglekar, M.V.; Hardikar, A.A.; Dalgaard, L.T. Non-Coding RNA in Pancreas and β-Cell Development. Non-Coding RNA 2018, 4, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna4040041
Wong WKM, Sørensen AE, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA, Dalgaard LT. Non-Coding RNA in Pancreas and β-Cell Development. Non-Coding RNA. 2018; 4(4):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna4040041
Chicago/Turabian StyleWong, Wilson K. M., Anja E. Sørensen, Mugdha V. Joglekar, Anand A. Hardikar, and Louise T. Dalgaard. 2018. "Non-Coding RNA in Pancreas and β-Cell Development" Non-Coding RNA 4, no. 4: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna4040041