A New Method for Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Organic Nanostructure Using Atomic Force Microscopy
<p>Molecular sieves. Microporous molecular structures of some Zeolites are shown into their atomistic representations. Image modified from Atlas of Zeolites.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image obtained by “tapping mode”. Micellar structures are well clear into surface cavity with a medium diameter of a few tens of nanometers (blue arrow). Surface modifications, due to the solvent, build the walls of the cavity (white arrow). Image 1.813 (<bold>A</bold>) shows micellar structures with a medium diameter bigger than those in image 1.814 (<bold>B</bold>) which is attributable to <italic>cloud point </italic>concentration (as explained hereinabove).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image obtained by “tapping mode”. Micellar structures are well clear into surface cavity with a medium diameter of a few tens of nanometers (blue arrow). Surface modifications, due to the solvent, build the walls of the cavity (white arrow). Image 1.813 (<b>A</b>) shows micellar structures with a medium diameter bigger than those in image 1.814 (<b>B</b>) which is attributable to <span class="html-italic">cloud point </span>concentration (as explained hereinabove).</p> "> Figure 2 Cont.
<p>Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image obtained by “tapping mode”. Micellar structures are well clear into surface cavity with a medium diameter of a few tens of nanometers (blue arrow). Surface modifications, due to the solvent, build the walls of the cavity (white arrow). Image 1.813 (<b>A</b>) shows micellar structures with a medium diameter bigger than those in image 1.814 (<b>B</b>) which is attributable to <span class="html-italic">cloud point </span>concentration (as explained hereinabove).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Solvent effect. The sequence of images shows the scanned area at full scale of 10 µm and its respective morphological structures (<bold>A</bold>); the advancing solvent front (<bold>B</bold>–<bold>D</bold>); the surface completely covered (<bold>E</bold>) and after evaporation (<bold>F</bold>). In <bold>G</bold> is shown the preservation of surface and its relative structures. In <bold>H</bold> is shown the picture with respective processed data during a single measurement.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Solvent effect. The sequence of images shows the scanned area at full scale of 10 µm and its respective morphological structures (<b>A</b>); the advancing solvent front (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>); the surface completely covered (<b>E</b>) and after evaporation (<b>F</b>). In <b>G</b> is shown the preservation of surface and its relative structures. In <b>H</b> is shown the picture with respective processed data during a single measurement.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Solvent effect. The sequence of images shows the scanned area at full scale of 10 µm and its respective morphological structures (<b>A</b>); the advancing solvent front (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>); the surface completely covered (<b>E</b>) and after evaporation (<b>F</b>). In <b>G</b> is shown the preservation of surface and its relative structures. In <b>H</b> is shown the picture with respective processed data during a single measurement.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Three-Dimensional elaboration of scanned surface. The sample shows in the picture is compressed micronized powder of a zeolite derivative from a Clinoptilolite mineral. (<bold>A</bold>) surface at full scale of 1 µm; (<bold>B</bold>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of solvent; (<bold>C</bold>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of surfactant solution; (<bold>D</bold>) false color image of xy plane of same zeolite area.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Three-Dimensional elaboration of scanned surface. The sample shows in the picture is compressed micronized powder of a zeolite derivative from a Clinoptilolite mineral. (<b>A</b>) surface at full scale of 1 µm; (<b>B</b>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of solvent; (<b>C</b>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of surfactant solution; (<b>D</b>) false color image of xy plane of same zeolite area.</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>Three-Dimensional elaboration of scanned surface. The sample shows in the picture is compressed micronized powder of a zeolite derivative from a Clinoptilolite mineral. (<b>A</b>) surface at full scale of 1 µm; (<b>B</b>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of solvent; (<b>C</b>) same surface after the absorption of 150 µL of surfactant solution; (<b>D</b>) false color image of xy plane of same zeolite area.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison between AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <bold>A</bold> and <bold>C</bold> show a photomicrograph highlighting the presence of clusters of granules. In <bold>B</bold> and <bold>D</bold>, the AFM image of the same zeolites matrix powder. All the measures were carried out at the same full scale of 20 µm for better correlation.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison between AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <b>A</b> and <b>C</b> show a photomicrograph highlighting the presence of clusters of granules. In <b>B</b> and <b>D</b>, the AFM image of the same zeolites matrix powder. All the measures were carried out at the same full scale of 20 µm for better correlation.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Comparison between AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <b>A</b> and <b>C</b> show a photomicrograph highlighting the presence of clusters of granules. In <b>B</b> and <b>D</b>, the AFM image of the same zeolites matrix powder. All the measures were carried out at the same full scale of 20 µm for better correlation.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Atomic Force Microscopy. Schematic diagram of AFM and three different AFM operating modes. In this paper Tapping and Contact Modes are used.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Proprieties of Material
Mineralogical characteristics of Zook® Zeolites | Physics properties | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mineralogical composition (DXR): Clioptiolite 68% | Color: Green | |||
Na2O | 2.21 | TiO2 | 0.45 |
3.2. Preparation of Samples
3.3. Instruments
3.4. Experimental Procedure
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
- London, UK. Available online:. Available online: http://www.iza-online.org/ (accessed on 2 March 2012).
- Sabová, L.; Chmielewská, E. Contemporary and prospects for new generation of environmental nanocomposed zeoadsorbents. Petrol. Coal 2005, 47, 6–9. [Google Scholar]
- Yamamoto, S.; Matsuoka, O.; Sugiyama Ono, S. Surface structures of zeolites studied by atomic force microscopy. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2001, 48, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Honda, T.; Matsuoka, O.; Yamamoto, S.; Sugiyama, S. Surface structure of synthesized mordenite crystsal studied by atomic force microscopy. Surf. Sci. 1997, 377, 140–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biederma, R.R.; Warzywoda, J.; Bazzana, S.; Dumrul, S. Imaging of crystal growth-induced fine surface features in zeolite A by atomic force microscopy. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2002, 54, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyamoto, A.; Kubo, M.; Oumi, Y.; Tsujimichi, K.; Masaharu, K. Ambient atomic force microscopy images of stilbite and their interpretation by molecular simulations. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1997, 121, 543–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, S.C.; Higgins, J.O.; Titiloye, J.O.; Slater, B. Atomistic simulation of zeolite surfaces. Curr. Opin. Solid St. M. 2001, 5, 417–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blank, D.H.A.; Chowdhury, S.R.; Sekuli, J.; Abadal, C.R.; Elshof, J.E. Transport mechanisms of water and organic solvents through microporous silica in the pervaporation of binary liquids. Micropo. Mesopor. Mater. 2003, 65, 197–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaghi, O.M.; Li, H.; Eddaoudi, M. Highly porous and stable metal-organic frameworks: structure design and sorption properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1391–1397. [Google Scholar]
- Dao, T.H. Competitive anion sorption effects on dairy wastewater dissolved phosphorus extraction with zeolite-based sorbents. Food Agric. Environ. 2003, 1, 263–269. [Google Scholar]
- Robert, B.S.; Li, Z.H. Sorption of perchloroethylene by surfactant-modified zeolite as controlled by surfactant loading. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 2278–2282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mittal, K.L. Micellizzation,Solubilization and Microemulsions; 1980; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Xing, B.; Pignatello, J.J. Mechanism of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerber, C.; Quate, C.F.; Binning, G. Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 59, 930–933. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, M.; Masaharu, K. Atomic force microscopy images of MgO (100) and TiO2 (110) under water and aqueous aromatic molecule solutions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1997, 120, 125–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, N.; Li, Y.J.; Komiyama, M. In situ observations of tetraamineplatinum(II) hydroxide adsorption from its aqueous solution on heulandite (010) surface by atomic force microscopy. Appl. Sur. Sci. 2004, 237, 504–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slater, B.; Mistry, M.; Shoaee, M.; Agger, J.R. Crystal growth of analcime studied by AFM and atomic simulation. J. Cryst. Growth 2006, 294, 78–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hisakazu, N.; Banno, Y.; Honda, T.; Kohmura, K.; Matsuoka, O.; Sugiyama, S.; Yamamoto, S. Dissolution of zeolite in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions as revealed by AFM imaging. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 18474–18482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobayashi, T.; Okada, G.; Gu, M.; Komiyama, M. Adlayer formation of DNA base cytosine over natural zeolite heulandite (010) surface by AFM. Appl. Phys. A Mater. 1998, 66, 635–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, S.; Yang, Z.; Yu, L.; Jiang, Y. Surface effect of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2005, 252, 1410–1416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Victor, H.L.; Pedro, B.; Sergio, C.; Claudio, F.R.; Jorge, M.V. Influence of surfactants on the roughness of titania sol–gel films. Mater. Charact. 2007, 58, 233–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veeco-Digital Instruments, New York, NY, USA. Available online: http://www.veeco.com/ (accessed on 2 March 2012).
© 2012 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Fuoco, D. A New Method for Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Organic Nanostructure Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Nanomaterials 2012, 2, 79-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2010079
Fuoco D. A New Method for Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Organic Nanostructure Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Nanomaterials. 2012; 2(1):79-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2010079
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuoco, Domenico. 2012. "A New Method for Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Organic Nanostructure Using Atomic Force Microscopy" Nanomaterials 2, no. 1: 79-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2010079