Mineralogy and Processing of Hydrothermal Vein Quartz from Hengche, Hubei Province (China)
<p>Locations of the Qinling and Dabie Mountains, and a sketch map of geological formations in the southeast of the Hubei Province in China (Revised according to Mao et al., 2014) [<a href="#B23-minerals-07-00161" class="html-bibr">23</a>]: QL—Qinling Mountain, DB—Dabie Mountain, BJ—Beijing, HQD—the hydrothermal quartz deposit, MC—Macheng, YC—Yingcheng, XZ—Xinzhou, LT—Luotian, HC—Hanchuan, TF—Tuanfeng, YS—Yingshan, WH—Wuhan, HG—Huanggang, EZ—Ezhou, XS—Xishui, HS—Huangshi, QC—Qichun, HM—Huangmei, DY—Daye, WX—Wuxue; Fd—Fault depressions, I—Qinling and Dabie fold belt, II—Yangtze block, I2-Combining belt of Shangdan, I3—Block in the southern of Qinling Mountains, I4—Arc basin system from Maota to Suizhou, I5—Combining belt from Liangzhu to Suinan, I23—Reentry belt of high pressure and ultrahigh pressure metamorphism from Tongbai to Dabie, II11—Passive margin in the north rim of Yangzi block, II21—Forelandbasin in the south rim of Yangzi block, II22—Passive margin in the south rim of Yangzi block.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Transmitted-light microscopy images of muscovite, hematite, and fluid inclusions within quartz thin sections: (<b>a</b>) muscovite along a grain boundary (XPL); (<b>b</b>) muscovite included in quartz crystal (PPL); (<b>c</b>) hematite in compression fractures of quartz (PPL); (<b>d</b>) two generations of fluid inclusions (PPL).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Details of solid inclusions in quartz veins using EMP (electron microprobe) images in SE (secondary electron) mode: (<b>a</b>) muscovite inclusions in quartz; (<b>b</b>) hematite in quartz fracture; (<b>c</b>) apatite and hematite included in quartz; (<b>d</b>) a typical microarea used for area-scan analysis of the electron probe; AP—analyzed point by X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Schematic quartz structure showing the configuration of trace elements in the quartz lattice (modified from Götze 2009) [<a href="#B34-minerals-07-00161" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Mclaren et al. (1983) proposed that the substitution of Si<sup>4+</sup> by four H<sup>+</sup> is also possible (silanol groups) [<a href="#B35-minerals-07-00161" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. Since the illustration is two-dimensional, the fourth H<sup>+</sup> is not shown on the figure.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Surface distributions of Si, O, Al, and Na in the microarea of <a href="#minerals-07-00161-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>d (analyzing for 12 min): luminance was enhanced for showing clearly: (<b>a</b>) the surface distribution of Si; (<b>b</b>) the surface distributions of O; (<b>c</b>) the surface distribution of Al; and (<b>d</b>) the surface distributions of Na. White spots represent elements at the corresponding positions of <a href="#minerals-07-00161-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>d, and the scale bars are the same as <a href="#minerals-07-00161-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>d.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Engineering flow sheet of the recommended processes for purifying the hydrothermal quartz.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Surface topographies of muscovite in calcinated quartz sand: calcination temperature 900 °C, calcination time 5 h; (<b>a</b>) backscattered electron image obtained by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA); (<b>b</b>) secondary electron image obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM); SMS—seperated muscovite sheets along cleavage plane.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Decrepitation pit on the surface of a calcinated quartz particle: calcination temperature 900 °C, calcination time 5 h.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Surface topographies of muscovite in leached quartz sand: (<b>a</b>) secondary electron image obtained by SEM, leaching conditions: 0.05 mol·dm<sup>−3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, 0.10 mol·dm<sup>−3</sup> NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, liquid/solid ratio 5 cm<sup>3</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>, leaching time 7 h, and leaching temperature 200 °C; (<b>b</b>) backscattered electron image obtained by EPMA, leaching conditions: 0.10 mol·dm<sup>−3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, 0.20 mol·dm<sup>−3</sup> NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, liquid/solid ratio 5 cm<sup>3</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>, leaching time 7 h, and leaching temperature 200 °C.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Surface topographies of quartz sand: (<b>a</b>) calcinated quartz sand (900 °C for 5 h); (<b>b</b>) quartz concentrate of process 2.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Geological Situation
2.2. Mineralogical Analysis
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Processing and Characterization of Quartz Sand
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Quartz
3.1.1. Impurity Elements in Quartz Ore
3.1.2. Optical Microscope Analysis
3.1.3. Electron Probe Microanalysis
3.2. Quartz Processing
3.2.1. Recommended Process
3.2.2. Effects of the Calcination Process
3.2.3. Effects of Fluoride-Free Pressure Acid Leaching
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Götze, J. Classification, mineralogy and industrial potential of SiO2, minerals and rocks. In Quartz: Deposits, Mineralogy and Analytics, 1st ed.; Götze, J., Möckel, R., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 1–27. [Google Scholar]
- Howm, R.A. Silica: Physical behavior, geochemistry and materials applications. Mineral. Mag. 1996, 60, 390–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armington, A.F.; Larkin, J.J. Purification and analysis of α-quartz. J. Cryst. Growth 1986, 75, 122–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.S.; Li, X.X.; Shen, Q.; Zhang, Z.Z.; Du, F.H. Further purification of industrial quartz by much milder conditions and a harmless method. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 7673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bayaraa, B.; Greg, B.; Noriyoshi, T. Hydrothermal quartz vein formation, revealed by coupled SEM-CL imaging and fluid inclusion microthermometry: Shuteen Complex, South Gobi, Mongolia. Resour. Geol. 2010, 55, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, G.R. History of the industrial production and technical development of single crystal cultured quartz. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium & Exposition, Montreal, QC, Canada, 23–27 August 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Mavrogenes, J.A.; Bodnar, R.J. Hydrogen movement into and out of fluid inclusions in quartz: Experimental evidence and geologic implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58, 141–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomlinson, E.L.; Mcmillan, P.F.; Zhang, M.; Jones, A.P.; Redfern, S.A.T. Quartz-bearing C–O–H fluid inclusions diamond: Retracing the pressure–temperature path in the mantle using calibrated high temperature IR spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71, 6030–6039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayilgan, A.; Arol, A.I. Effect of carbonate alkalinity on flotation behavior of quartz. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2004, 74, 233–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, K.; Lei, S.M.; Zhong, L.L.; Pei, Z.Y.; Yang, Y.Y.; Zang, F.F. Thermodynamic mechanismand purification of hot press leaching with vein quartz. China Min. Mag. 2016, 25, 129–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, S.M.; Pei, Z.Y.; Zhong, L.L.; Ma, Q.L.; Huang, D.D.; Yang, Y.Y. Study on the technology and mechanism of reverse flotation and hot pressing leaching with vein quartz. Nonmet. Mines 2014, 37, 40–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Li, C.X.; Wang, Y.; Yin, D.Q. China technologies present of high-purity quartz processing and the development propositions. J. Mineral. Petrol. 2011, 31, 110–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haßler, S.; Kempe, U.; Monecke, T.; Götze, J. Trace Element Content of Quartz from the Ehrenfriedersdorf Sn-w Deposit, Germany: Results of an Acid-Wash Procedure. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting, Beijing, China, 18–21 August 2005; Mao, J.W., Bierlein, F.P., Eds.; Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.: Littleton, CO, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Haus, R.; Prinz, S.; Priess, C. Assessment of high purity quartz resources. In Quartz: Deposits, Mineralogy and Analytics, 1st ed.; Götze, J., Möckel, R., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 45–49. [Google Scholar]
- Vidyadhar, A.; Hanumantha, R.K. Adsorption mechanism of mixed cationic/anionic collectors in feldspar-quartz flotation system. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 306, 195–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- An, J.; Lee, H.A.; Lee, J.; Yoon, H.O. Fluorine distribution in soil in the vicinity of an accidental spillage of hydrofluoric acid in Korea. Chemosphere 2015, 119, 577–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dasgupta, P.K. Comment on “hydrofluoric acid in the Southern California atmosphere”. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 31, 427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.H. Study on refining quartz powder by leaching in HF acid solution. J. Mineral. Petrol. 2005, 25, 23–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, H.S. The decrepitation method applied to minerals with fluid inclusions. Econ. Geol. 1948, 43, 637–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knotter, D.M. Etching mechanism of vitreous silicon dioxide in HF-Based solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4345–4351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Zhou, Y.H.; Huang, W.; Gu, Z.A. Study on reaction kinetics between silica glasses and hydrofluoric acid. J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 2004, 32, 287–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, N.N.; Zhang, Y.M.; Liu, T.; Huang, J.; Zheng, Q.S. Effects of hydration and hardening of calcium sulfate on muscovite dissolution during pressure acid leaching of black shale. J. Clean Prod. 2017, 149, 989–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, X.W.; Ye, Q.; Liao, M.F.; Yang, J.X.; Zhang, H.J.; Wang, Z.Y. Division and discussion of geotectonic units in Hubei Province. Resour. Environ. Eng. 2014, 1, 6–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.C.; Liu, Y.F.; Li, J.F.; Deng, M.; Liu, S.T. Study on high-purity quartz mineral resource engineering. J. Mineral. Petrol. 2012, 32, 38–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- China Technical Committee for Standardization of Microbeam Analysis. GB/T 15617-2002 Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Silicate Minerals by Electron Probe; Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- China Technical Committee for Standardization of Semiconductor Equipment and Materials. SJ/T 11554-2015 Determination of the Metals’ Concentration of Hydrofluoric Acid by ICP-OES; Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- China Technical Committee for Standardization of Semiconductor Equipment and Materials. GB/T 32650-2016 Determining the Content of Trace Elements in Arenaceous Quartz by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Lei, S.M.; Lin, M.; Pei, Z.Y.; Wang, E.W.; Zang, F.F.; Xiong, K. Occurrence and removal of mineral impurities in quartz. China Min. Mag. 2016, 25, 79–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shmulovich, K. An experimental study of phase equilibria in the systems H2O-CO2-CaCl2 and H2O-CO2-NaCl at high pressures and temperatures (500–800 °C, 0.5–0.9 GPa): Geological and geophysical applications. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2004, 146, 450–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, F.L. Distribution properties and hosting conditions and purification methods of baneful impurity elements in quartz. J. Geol. 2009, 33, 277–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.Z.; Li, J.S.; Li, X.X.; Huang, H.Q.; Zhou, L.F.; Xiong, T.T. High efficiency iron removal from quartz sand using phosphoric acid. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2012, 114–117, 30–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, J.X.; Li, S.Q.; Yang, C.Q.; Kong, J.W. Study on the influence of ultrasound on iron removal by acid leaching for quartz sand. Nonmet. Mines 2016, 39, 69–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Q.; Sun, X.M.; Xu, L.; Zhai, W.; Liang, J.L.; Liang, Y.H.; Shen, K. U-Th-Pb Chemical dating of monazite exsolutions in apatite aggregates in quartz veins of UHP rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) Project. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2006, 22, 1927–1932. [Google Scholar]
- Götze, J. Chemistry, textures and physical properties of quartz-geological interpretation and technical application. Mineral. Mag. 2009, 73, 645–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mclaren, A.C.; Cook, R.F.; Hyde, S.T.; Tobin, R.C. The mechanisms of the formation and growth of water bubbles and associated dislocation loops in synthetic quartz. Phys. Chem. Miner. 1983, 9, 79–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, L.G. The Basic of Ore Petrology, 3rd ed.; Metallurgical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2007; pp. 206–309. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, C.; Lin, J. Influence of calcination temperature on dielectric constant and structure of the micro-crystalline muscovite. China Nonmet. Min. Ind. Her. 2008, 5, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.C.; Wu, Y.B.; Gong, H.J.; Yang, S.H.; Wang, J.; Peng, M.; Jiao, W.F. Zircon age and Hf isotopic composition of quartz veins in UHP eclogites from western Dabie Mountains. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2009, 54, 1449–1454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, H.P.; Wang, R.C.; Lu, X.X.; Xu, S.J.; Chen, J.; Gao, J.F. Study on dissolution behavior of zircon in hydrothermal solution of 180 °C. Prog. Nat. Sci. 2003, 13, 1042–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt-Mumm, A. Low frequency acoustic emission from quartz upon heating from 90 to 610 °C. Phys. Chem. Miner. 1991, 17, 545–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Element | Al | Fe | Na | S | P | Li | K | Ca | Ti |
Content 1 (μg·g−1) | 353 | 61.2 | 13.4 | 5.64 | 15.5 | 2.20 | 118 | 8.04 | 8.31 |
Element | Mg | Ni | Zr | Zn | As | B | In Total | ||
Content (μg·g−1) | 11.8 | 1.01 | 6.46 | 0.567 | 3.16 | 10.8 | 619 |
Element | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | K | Ca | Mn | Cr | Fe | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 3a (wt %) | 0.31 | 19.16 | 24.69 | 8.40 | 0.28 | 47.17 | ||||||
RSD 1 (%) | 2.43 | 1.10 | 0.96 | 1.22 | 1.96 | |||||||
Figure 3b (wt %) | 2.24 | 2.48 | 0.63 | 2.89 | 65.91 | 25.85 | ||||||
RSD (%) | 2.23 | 1.32 | 2.64 | 1.08 | 0.68 | |||||||
Figure 3c (wt %) | 3.31 | 5.06 | 1.57 | 6.63 | 10.38 | 2.01 | 0.87 | 14.50 | 0.91 | 14.52 | 40.24 | |
RSD (%) | 2.88 | 2.09 | 2.11 | 1.16 | 1.67 | 1.34 | 2.89 | 1.44 | 1.57 | 0.83 |
Leaching Process | Temperature (°C) | Acid Concentration (HCl or H2SO4) (mol·dm−3) | NH4Cl Concentration (mol·dm−3) | Liquid/Solid Ratio (cm3·g−1) | Leaching Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCl + NH4Cl | 280 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 10 | 6 |
H2SO4 + NH4Cl | 250 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 5 | 7 |
Element | Ore (μg·g−1) | Concentrate 1 1 (μg·g−1) | Removal Rate 1 (wt %) | Concentrate 2 1 (μg·g−1) | Removal Rate 2 (wt %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 353 | 41.5 | 88.2 | 44.1 | 87.5 |
Fe | 61.2 | 1.14 | 98.1 | 1.12 | 98.2 |
Na | 13.4 | 11.3 | 15.7 | 12.2 | 8.96 |
S | 5.64 | — | — | — | — |
P | 15.5 | 5.00 | 67.7 | 5.39 | 65.2 |
Li | 2.20 | 2.19 | 0.455 | 2.04 | 7.27 |
K | 118 | 1.21 | 99.0 | 2.24 | 98.1 |
Ca | 8.04 | 4.54 | 43.5 | 4.40 | 45.3 |
Ti | 8.31 | 4.89 | 41.2 | 5.38 | 35.3 |
Mg | 11.8 | 4.88 | 58.6 | 7.15 | 39.4 |
Ni | 1.01 | - | - | - | - |
Zr | 6.46 | 6.45 | 0.155 | 6.45 | 0.155 |
Zn | 0.567 | - | - | -; | - |
As | 3.16 | - | - | - | - |
B | 10.8 | 8.77 | 18.8 | 8.77 | 18. 8 |
In total | 619 | 91.9 | 85.2 | 99.2 | 84.0 |
Element | Ore (μg·g−1) | C and PHAL (μg·g−1) | PHAL 1 (μg·g−1) | C and PSAL (μg·g−1) | PSAL 1 (μg·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 353 | 41.5 | 167 | 44.1 | 188 |
Fe | 61.2 | 1.14 | 7.42 | 1.12 | 13.4 |
Na | 13.4 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 12.2 | 12.9 |
S | 5.64 | - | 4.00 | - | 4.52 |
P | 15.5 | 5.00 | 13.6 | 5.39 | 10.4 |
Li | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.20 | 2.04 | 2.19 |
K | 118 | 1.21 | 42.6 | 2.24 | 45.9 |
Ca | 8.04 | 4.54 | 7.50 | 4.40 | 8.01 |
Ti | 8.31 | 4.89 | 6.07 | 5.38 | 5.91 |
Mg | 11.8 | 4.88 | 8.60 | 7.15 | 8.12 |
Ni | 1.01 | - | - | - | - |
Zr | 6.46 | 6.45 | 6.46 | 6.45 | 6.46 |
Zn | 0.567 | - | - | - | - |
As | 3.16 | - | 1.47 | - | 2.15 |
B | 10.8 | 8.77 | 9.80 | 8.77 | 8.47 |
In total | 619 | 91.9 | 290 | 99.2 | 316 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lin, M.; Pei, Z.; Lei, S. Mineralogy and Processing of Hydrothermal Vein Quartz from Hengche, Hubei Province (China). Minerals 2017, 7, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7090161
Lin M, Pei Z, Lei S. Mineralogy and Processing of Hydrothermal Vein Quartz from Hengche, Hubei Province (China). Minerals. 2017; 7(9):161. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7090161
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Min, Zhenyu Pei, and Shaomin Lei. 2017. "Mineralogy and Processing of Hydrothermal Vein Quartz from Hengche, Hubei Province (China)" Minerals 7, no. 9: 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7090161