Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism
<p>(<b>a</b>) Geological map of the central Eastern Desert of Egypt exhibiting the distribution of granitoids and other rock units of the basement rocks adjacent to the studied area (modified after [<a href="#B10-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">10</a>]). (<b>b</b>) Geological map of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Field photographs of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah granitic rocks in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. (<b>a</b>) Rounded mafic xenolith hosted in granodiorite. (<b>b</b>) High relief syenogranite at Mount Abu Kibash.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Photomicrographs and back-scattered electron (BSE) images showing the main petrographic features of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah granites: (<b>a</b>) aggregations of biotite (Bt), amphibole (Amph), plagioclase (Plg), K-feldspar (Kfs), and quartz (Qtz) reflecting a typical hypidiomorphic texture of the studied granodiorite; (<b>b</b>) a close up BSE image within granodiorite showing the main mineral phases with the occurrence of ilmenite (Ilm) as an inclusion in amphiboles, (<b>c</b>) the occurrence of coarse- to medium- grained Bt, Plg, Kfs, and Qz minerals with hyidiomorphic texture in syenogranites; (<b>d</b>) BSE image showing the occurrence of magmatic biotite and the mutual relation between the mineral phases in syenogranites, (<b>e</b>) the occurrence of muscovite (Mus) in some syenogranite samples and forming with other minerals a hypidiomorphic texture (<b>f</b>) BSE image of a large ilmenite crystal sharing boundaries with muscovite and quartz in syenogranites.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Mineral chemistry of silicate minerals in the studied granites. (<b>a</b>) Ab-An-Or ternary classification diagram indicating feldspar composition. (<b>b</b>) Classification diagram of biotite [<a href="#B13-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. (<b>c</b>) (FeOt + MnO) − 10 * TiO<sub>2</sub> − MgO ternary diagram discriminating between primary, re-equilibrated, and secondary biotite [<a href="#B14-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Mg–Ti–Na ternary diagrams discriminating between primary and secondary muscovite [<a href="#B15-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. (<b>e</b>) Si vs. Mg/Mg + Fe + 2 binary diagram for amphiboles nomenclature [<a href="#B16-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. (<b>f</b>) Ti vs. (Na + K) discrimination diagram of the studied amphiboles [<a href="#B17-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Whole-rock chemistry of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah granites. (<b>a</b>) TAS classification diagram [<a href="#B19-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Na<sub>2</sub>O–K<sub>2</sub>O–CaO ternary diagram of Egyptian granitic rocks [<a href="#B18-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. Trondhjemites and calc-alkaline fields are after Barker and Arth [<a href="#B20-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Harker variation diagrams of selected major oxides (TiO<sub>2</sub>, (<b>a</b>); Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>); MgO, (<b>c</b>); K<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>d</b>); P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, (<b>e</b>); Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>t</sup>, (<b>f</b>) and trace elements (Rb, (<b>g</b>); Ba, (<b>h</b>); Sr, (<b>i</b>); Zr, (<b>j</b>); Y, (<b>k</b>); Sc, (<b>l</b>); V, (<b>m</b>); Cr, (<b>n</b>); Ni, (<b>o</b>) vs. SiO<sub>2</sub>. Fields in K<sub>2</sub>O vs. SiO<sub>2</sub> (<b>d</b>) after Rickwood [<a href="#B21-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Upper crust values are after Rudnick and Gao [<a href="#B22-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Bulk-rock chemistry of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah granites. (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the investigated granodiorites and syenogranites. (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) Multi-element-normalized diagram of the studied granodiorites and syenogranites. Chondrite and primitive mantle normalization values and chondrite values are from Sun and McDonough [<a href="#B23-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. Fields of Homrit Waggat A- and I-type granites [<a href="#B24-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">24</a>], Gabal El-Ineigi A-type granites [<a href="#B26-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">26</a>], and Qianlishan A2-type granites [<a href="#B25-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">25</a>] are used for comparison.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Crystallization conditions (P–T–<span class="html-italic">fO</span><sub>2</sub>) of the studied granites. (<b>a</b>) Ab–An–Or thermometry diagram [<a href="#B28-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Ti vs. Mg/(Mg + Fe) for the analyzed biotite showing temperature isotherms [<a href="#B30-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Ab–Qz–Or ternary diagram for the studied granitic rocks [<a href="#B31-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Fe/(Fe + Mg) vs. AlIV + AlVI for the analyzed biotite. Ilmenite and magnetite series after Anderson et al. [<a href="#B32-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Bulk-rock chemistry of the studied granites showing the role of contamination and fractional crystallization in their evolution. (<b>a</b>) Rb vs. K/Rb diagram [<a href="#B37-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Zr vs. Th/Nb variation diagrams showing fractional crystallization (FC), assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC), and bulk assimilation (BA) trends [<a href="#B39-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. (<b>c</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> vs. CaO/Na<sub>2</sub>O diagram with AFC trend. (<b>d</b>) Zr vs. TiO<sub>2</sub> diagram for the studied granites.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Bulk-rock chemistry showing different types and sources of the studied granites. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 10<sup>4</sup> × Ga/Al against Nb and K<sub>2</sub>O/MgO for distinguishing between I, S, M and A-type granites [<a href="#B40-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/(FeO<sup>t</sup> + MgO) − 3*CaO − 5*(K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O) ternary diagram [<a href="#B41-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Rb vs. K<sub>2</sub>O diagram [<a href="#B44-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Bulk-rock chemistry of the studied granites. (<b>a</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> vs. (Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O) − CaO discrimination diagram [<a href="#B62-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. (<b>b</b>) 100*(MgO + FeO<sup>t</sup> + TiO<sub>2</sub>)/SiO<sub>2</sub> vs. molar (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + CaO)/(FeO + Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O) discrimination diagram for distinguishing between different types of granitic magma [<a href="#B61-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. (<b>c</b>) FeO<sup>t</sup>/(FeO<sup>t</sup> + MgO) vs. SiO<sub>2</sub> [<a href="#B62-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Molar Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/(Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O) vs. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/(CaO + Na<sub>2</sub>O+ K<sub>2</sub>O) for the studied granites [<a href="#B68-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. (<b>e</b>) Y + Nb vs. Rb tectonic discrimination diagram of Pearce et al. [<a href="#B66-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">66</a>]; the post-collisional granite field is from Pearce [<a href="#B65-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. The A-type granite field in previous diagrams is after Whalen et al. [<a href="#B40-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">40</a>]; Eastern Desert (ED) A2-type and I-type granites are after Azer et al. [<a href="#B24-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">24</a>] and Farahat et al. [<a href="#B9-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">9</a>]; Qianlishan A2-type granite field is after Chen et al. [<a href="#B25-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. (<b>f</b>) Hf-Rb/30−3*Ta tectonic discrimination diagram after Harris et al. [<a href="#B67-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. (<b>g</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> vs. FeO<sup>t</sup>/(FeO<sup>t</sup> + MgO) discrimination diagram [<a href="#B68-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. (<b>h</b>) Y-Nb−3Ga ternary plot [<a href="#B69-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">69</a>]; A1 = A-type granitoids with an ocean island basalt-type source; A2 = A-type granitoids with crust-derived magma. (<b>i</b>) Na<sub>2</sub>O-K<sub>2</sub>O-CaO ternary discrimination diagram showing different types of Egyptian granitoids [<a href="#B26-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">26</a>], where I = old calc-alkaline phase, II = early subphase of young calc-alkaline phase, and III = late subphase of young calc-alkaline phase.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Mineral chemistry of amphiboles and biotite from the studied granites. (<b>a</b>) TiO<sub>2</sub> vs Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for the studied primary amphiboles [<a href="#B72-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">72</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Cations of Al<sup>iv</sup> vs. K binary diagram discriminating between alkaline and calc-alkaline magma [<a href="#B71-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. (<b>c</b>) SiO<sub>2</sub> vs. Na<sub>2</sub>O binary diagram of amphiboles [<a href="#B73-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">73</a>] (I-Amph = within-plate amphiboles; S-Amph = Supra-subduction amphiboles). (<b>d</b>) FeO-MgO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ternary discrimination diagram of biotite [<a href="#B70-minerals-14-00806" class="html-bibr">70</a>].</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Sketch showing emplacement of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah granitic intrusions within the central Eastern Desert of Egypt in different tectonic stages during the evolution of the ANS. (<b>a</b>) Generation of granodiorites (I-type granite) during the collisional stage in a subduction-related setting (active continental margin) and (<b>b</b>) emplacement of syenogranites (A-type granites) during the post-collisional stage.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geologic Features and Petrography
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Mineral Chemistry
4.2. Whole-Rock Geochemistry
5. Discussion
5.1. Granitic Rocks Crystallization Conditions (T, P and fO2)
5.2. Role of Crustal Contamination and Fractional Crystallization
5.3. Magmatic Sources
5.4. Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Evolution
6. Concluding Remarks
- The Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah area in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt have two different granite phases: I-type (granodiorites) and A2-type (syenogranites). The I-type granites represent the earlier phase that are slightly altered, deformed, and intrude the A2-type granites (later phase) that are fresh and undeformed.
- Granodiorites (I-type) have a crustal-mantle mixed source while syenogranites (A2-type) were generated by partial melting of lower juvenile crustal source (tonalite). Evolution of both types was controlled by simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallization.
- Both I- and A-type granites were crystallized at low pressure (<3.5 kbar) in the upper continental crust but at average temperatures of 807 °C and 792 °C, respectively. The I-type granites were generated from calc-alkaline, metaluminous magma during a collisional stage (volcanic arc), while the A2-type granites are peraluminous and formed in a post-collisional stage (extensional environment). The syenogranites were formed after crustal thickening and lithospheric delamination that caused upwelling of hot asthenosphere. Underplating of upwelled mafic melts beneath lower crust caused fertilization of the lithosphere by HFSEs and alkalis before partial melting.
- The transition from subduction to post-collisional setting was accompanied by strong magmatic activity and emplacement of large masses of A2-type granites as a result of crustal uplifting, thickening, and extensional collapse of the ANS continental crust that occurred at the end of Pan-African orogenic event.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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El-Awady, A.; Sami, M.; Abart, R.; Fathy, D.; Farahat, E.S.; Ahmed, M.S.; Osman, H.; Ragab, A. Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism. Minerals 2024, 14, 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080806
El-Awady A, Sami M, Abart R, Fathy D, Farahat ES, Ahmed MS, Osman H, Ragab A. Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism. Minerals. 2024; 14(8):806. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080806
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Awady, Amr, Mabrouk Sami, Rainer Abart, Douaa Fathy, Esam S. Farahat, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Hassan Osman, and Azza Ragab. 2024. "Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism" Minerals 14, no. 8: 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080806