The Role of Solar Energy (UV-VIS-NIR) as an Assistant for Sulfide Minerals Leaching and Its Potential Application for Metal Extraction
<p>Projected production of copper concentrates (excluding smelting and refining), Cathodes by solvent extraction/electrowinning (SX/EW) and reduction of cathodes production in Chile 2019–2030 by COCHILCO [<a href="#B2-minerals-11-00828" class="html-bibr">2</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Pourbaix diagram, system Fe-S-H<sub>2</sub>O at 25 °C, 1 mol L<sup>−1</sup> Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe and S (HSC Chemistry 9.0, Metso Outotec, Helsinki, Finland).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Chemical speciation of iron in water. Red line: [Fe<sup>3+</sup>] v/s pH; blue line: [Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>] v/s pH; green line [Fe(OOH)<sup>2+</sup>] and orange line: [Fe(OH)<sup>2+</sup>]. Arrows shows the maximum concentration of each species (Ocatve-Gui 5.2.0, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Texas, United Stated of America).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Pourbaix diagram, system Fe-Cu-S-H<sub>2</sub>O at 25 °C, 1 mol L-1 Cu, Fe and S (HSC Chemistry 9.0, Metso Outotec, Helsinki, Finland).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Scheme of photodecomposition mechanism of semiconductor (binary semiconductor MS) in electrolytic medium by: charge carriers (<b>A</b>) and ROS or RSS (<b>B</b>). Stages: (1) photoactivation of SC particles, (2) charge carriers and radicals generation, (3) photodecomposition of SC particles by charge carriers and ROS or RSS.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Global Trends in the Mining Industry: Renewable Power Sources and Solar Energy
3. The Role of the Free Radicals Generated by Solar Irradiation, in the Composition of the Sulfide Orebodies and Rocks
3.1. Oxidative Dissolution of Sulfide Minerals Promoted by Fenton-Like Mechanisms
3.2. The Role of Semiconductive Properties of Sulfide Compounds in Photochemical Processes
- Direct photooxidation by holes
- b.
- Indirect photooxidation by oxygen, mediated by RSS
4. The Role of the radiation (UV-VIS-NIR) in the Sulfide Photoleaching Process
4.1. The UV, VIS and NIR Irradiation Can Support the Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals through the Use of In-Situ Generated Fenton-Like Reactions
4.2. The role of UV, VIS and NIR Irradiation in Photochemical Reactions in Aqueous Media for Semiconductors Minerals That Contain Transition Metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, and Others)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Free Radical | Half Reaction | Standard Electrode Potential in Aqueous Medium [E° v/s SHE] |
---|---|---|
e˙ | e− ↔ e˙(aqueous) | −2.89 ± 0.03 |
O2˙− | O2 + e− ↔ O2˙− | −0.18 ± 0.02 |
HO2˙ | O2 + H+ + e− ↔ HO2˙ | +0.10 ± 0.02 |
HO2˙ | HO2˙ + H+ + e− ↔ H2O2 | +1.46 ± 0.01 |
HO˙ | HO˙ + H+ + e− ↔ H2O | +2.730 ± 0.017 |
SO4˙− | SO4˙− + e− ↔ SO42− | +2.437 ± 0.019 |
SO4˙− | S2O82− + e− ↔ SO4˙− + SO42− | +1.44 ± 0.08 |
NO3˙ | NO3˙ + e− ↔ NO3- | +2.446 ± 0.019 |
CO2˙− | CO2 + e− ↔ CO2˙− | −1.90 ± 0.02 |
FeO42− | FeO42− + 8H+ + 3e− ↔ Fe3+ + 4H2O | +2.20 |
H2O2 | H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e− ↔ 2H2O | +1.76 |
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Yepsen, O.; Araneda, E.; Yepsen, R.; Estay, H. The Role of Solar Energy (UV-VIS-NIR) as an Assistant for Sulfide Minerals Leaching and Its Potential Application for Metal Extraction. Minerals 2021, 11, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080828
Yepsen O, Araneda E, Yepsen R, Estay H. The Role of Solar Energy (UV-VIS-NIR) as an Assistant for Sulfide Minerals Leaching and Its Potential Application for Metal Extraction. Minerals. 2021; 11(8):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080828
Chicago/Turabian StyleYepsen, Orlando, Eugenia Araneda, Rodrigo Yepsen, and Humberto Estay. 2021. "The Role of Solar Energy (UV-VIS-NIR) as an Assistant for Sulfide Minerals Leaching and Its Potential Application for Metal Extraction" Minerals 11, no. 8: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080828