Talc Flotation—An Overview
<p>The estimated total talc mine production in 2020 was 5.82 million metric tons. Data were extracted from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 [<a href="#B19-minerals-11-00662" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. * Includes pyrophyllite.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>A</b>) The relation between the size of particles and surface/edge ratio (<b>B</b>) force of cohesion, work of cohesion, and hence surface tension.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Adsorption of different depressants on the talc surface.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effects of bubble size on the recovery of talc in the different column flotation (L/D: Length/Diameter) [<a href="#B88-minerals-11-00662" class="html-bibr">88</a>]).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Industry | Applications and Utilization of Talc | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Ceramics |
| [5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13] |
Cosmetics |
| [4,6,8,11,13,14] |
Color and Paint |
| [5,6,10,11,12,13] |
Paper |
| [5,6,8,9,10,11,13,14,15] |
Plastic |
| [5,6,8,9,12,13,15] |
Roofing |
| [5,12,15] |
Rubbers |
| [4,6,9] |
Others |
| [4,5,6,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,17,18] |
2. Talc Surface Properties
2.1. Relative Humidity
2.2. Zeta Potential
2.3. Contact Angle
3. Talc Flotation
3.1. Collectors
3.2. Depressants
3.3. Frothers
3.4. pH Influence
3.5. Ions Influence
3.6. Pre-Treatment
4. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surface Properties | The Molecular Chain in the Surface | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Hydrophobic | Neutral >Si-O-Si< groups | [29] |
Has Si-O-Si siloxane linkages that are common for many silicates and can potentially serve as weak H-bond acceptors. | [30] | |
Because of the lamellar geometry, the predominance of the hydrophobic basal surface explains the difficult dispersion of natural talc in an aqueous medium. | [5] | |
Low energy silicate layers of talc plane | [3] | |
No active sites (O-H groups) account for its natural hydrophobicity, but the negatively charged oxygen atoms can make a weak hydrogen bond with water molecules. | [31] | |
Hydrophilic | Breaking ionic/covalent bonds | [32] |
The broken >Si-O- and >Mg-O- bonds | [29] | |
Weak H-bond donation from the internal Mg-OH sites is also at this surface. | [30] | |
The formation of a hydrogen bond between the water molecule and the hydroxyl group | [33] | |
Water is adsorbed on the octahedral layer where OH groups point directly to the surface face | [29] | |
The more reactive lateral surface is containing -SiOH and -MgOH groups, presenting Bronsted acidity. | [5] | |
pH-dependent edges with the hydroxyl groups (-SiOH) and (-MgOH) | [3] |
Surface Type | Surface after Cleavage | Composition | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Face | Easy cleavage of the layers | Fully compensated oxygen atoms |
| [3] |
Edge | Rupture of ionic bonds within these layers | Composed of hydroxyl ions, silicon, oxygen, and magnesium ions |
|
Reagent | Absence | Presence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Tragacanth gum | 2–3 | Slightly decreased | [24] |
Guar gum | 2–3 | Slightly decreased | |
Carrageenan | 2.06 | Slightly decreased | [45] |
Dextrin | <3 | <3 (without change) | [27] |
Sesbania Gum (SGM) | 2 | ̴ 3.4 | [46] |
SGM + Sodium oleate | 2 | 2.5 | |
NaCl | - | 1.9 | [29] |
HCl | - | 2 | [47] |
Medium | Contact Angle (°) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Advancing | Receding | ||
Water | 60 | 50 | [57] |
Formamide | 42 | 41 | |
Diodomethane | 38 | 3 | |
Glycerol | 52 | 42 | |
Bromonaphtalene | <1 | - | |
Water (nonwetting) Cyclohexane (wetting) | 80 | 60 | [55] |
10−2 M KCl | 93 | 74 | [58] |
CH2I2 | 44 * | [9] |
Polymer | Adsorption Model | Maximum Adsorbed Amount (mg·m−2) | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
MP Dextrin | Langmuir | 0.71 ± 0.04 |
| [69] |
CM Dextrin | 0.59 ± 0.02 | |||
Dextrin TYM | 0.6 ± 0.1 | |||
Polymer-H | Langmuir | 0.88 ± 0.01 | Adsorption isotherms of polymers indicated that the talc recovery reduced by increasing the depressant concentration | [35] |
Polymer-N | 0.43 ± 0.01 | |||
Dextrin WY | 0.92 ± 0.05 | |||
HP-Dextrin | 0.82 ± 0.02 | |||
HP-Starch | 4.82 ± 0.41 | |||
HP Dextrin | Langmuir | 1.05 ± 0.05 | The isotherms indicated high-affinity behavior | [55] |
CM Dextrin | 0.8 ± 0.02 | |||
Dextrin TY | 0.62 ± 0.02 |
Depressants | Effects and Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|
HP Dextrin, MP Dextrin, CM Dextrin, Dextrin TY, and Dextrin TYM |
| [69,78] |
Chitosan |
| [71] |
| [67,79] | |
CMC |
| [23] |
| [51] | |
| [70] | |
| [80] | |
| [34,81] | |
| [82] | |
Guar Gum |
| [83] |
| [27] | |
Tragacanth Gum |
| [24] |
Synthetic polyacrylamides (PAM-A and PAM-N) |
| [20] |
Humic Acid (HA) |
| [74] |
Galactomannan (KGM) |
| [73] |
Sodium Silicate (SS) |
| [46] |
Sesbania Gum (SGM) |
| |
Lignosulfonates |
| [47] |
Galactomannan |
| [54] |
Zinc sulfate + sodium carbonate |
| [50] |
Frothers | Effects and Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|
|
| [12] |
|
| [43,55] |
MIBC | By using MIBC, the talc recovery reached more than 80% | [24] |
Polypropylene glycol |
| [86] |
MIBC | In its presence, the talc recovery reached more than 90% | [73] |
Polyfroth H57 (Huntsman) | By using the hypersaline water and this frother in the flotation system, the recovery was considerably enhanced | [77] |
Flotanol F | It showed a higher flotation rate constant but lower overall recovery compared to MIBC. | [87] |
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Ann Bazar, J.; Rahimi, M.; Fathinia, S.; Jafari, M.; Chipakwe, V.; Chehreh Chelgani, S. Talc Flotation—An Overview. Minerals 2021, 11, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070662
Ann Bazar J, Rahimi M, Fathinia S, Jafari M, Chipakwe V, Chehreh Chelgani S. Talc Flotation—An Overview. Minerals. 2021; 11(7):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070662
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnn Bazar, July, Milad Rahimi, Siavash Fathinia, Mohammad Jafari, Vitalis Chipakwe, and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani. 2021. "Talc Flotation—An Overview" Minerals 11, no. 7: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070662