Investigation of Fumed Silica/Aqueous NaCl Superdielectric Material
"> Figure 1
<p>Dielectric constant below 1 volt <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> level of NaCl saturation for fumed silica-based capacitors. The RC time constant method was employed to determine the dielectric constant of fumed silica/aqueous NaCl dielectric materials that differed substantially only in the level of salt concentration. For example, in all cases the dielectric thickness was 2 ± 0.2 mm. Relative saturation computation was based on 100% NaCl saturation at 25 °C: 360 g NaCl/1000 g H<sub>2</sub>O.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Example of raw, constant current data for capacitor 1. (<b>a</b>) Ten cycles, with a DT of ~9 s. (<b>b</b>) In this and all other cases dielectric constants computed for three regions, by voltage; I: 1.6–2.3; II: 0.8–1.6; and III: 0.1–0.8 V. These regions show nearly linear change in voltage for a constant current.</p> "> Figure 2 Cont.
<p>Example of raw, constant current data for capacitor 1. (<b>a</b>) Ten cycles, with a DT of ~9 s. (<b>b</b>) In this and all other cases dielectric constants computed for three regions, by voltage; I: 1.6–2.3; II: 0.8–1.6; and III: 0.1–0.8 V. These regions show nearly linear change in voltage for a constant current.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Long time to discharge behavior. Shown is a slow discharge process (DT ~600 s) for capacitor 1, programmed to reach 1 volt. The maximum voltage attainable, for long DT, just over 1.1 V in this case, was at best 1.3 V, and to a good approximation the capacitance is constant over the entire discharge.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Dielectric constant 0.8–0.1 Volts. (<b>a</b>) Dielectric constants measured for DT of less than 120 s. (<b>b</b>) Dielectric constants measured for DT less than 12 s. The thickness of the dielectric layer is shown in the figure key.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Dielectric constant as a function of DT, three voltage regions, capacitor 3. Dielectric constants were computed for three voltage regions, as described in the text. The highest dielectric constant, and ~60% of the energy, is found below 0.8 V. All four capacitors displayed a similar pattern of deceasing dielectric value with increasing voltage and decreasing DT.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Power as a function of thickness and DT. (<b>a</b>) Power density (total energy released in one discharge divided by DT × dielectric volume) increases as the dielectric layer thickness decreases. For DT greater than ~20 s power is nearly constant for any dielectric thicknesses. (<b>b</b>) DT values less than 12 s. The delivered power increases as discharge is done more rapidly.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Energy density as a function of DT and dielectric thickness. (<b>a</b>) For discharge times up to 120 s. Energy density decreases very slowly for DT > 10 s; (<b>b</b>) For discharge times less than 12 s. This clearly shows energy density drops sharply for DT < 2 s.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Relative capacitance as a function of time. As shown the capacitance decreases steadily for the first 150 h, and then stabilizes. All three capacitive regions, 0.8–0.1 V, 1.6–0.8 V, and 2.3–1.6 V loose capacitance at roughly the same rate.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Open circuit voltage. There is clearly a dramatic change in internal resistance at approximately 1.2 V, the voltage of water decomposition.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Testing geometry galvanostat: A—Dielectric Material, variable thickness; B—Grafoil electrodes, 0.04 cm thick × 5 cm diameter; C—Grafoil “wires”, ~10 cm length; D—Galvanastat (BioLogic 300); E—1 liter volume zip lock plastic bag; F—DI water-saturated paper towel.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. RC Time Constant
2.2. Constant Current
3. Discussion
3.1. Overview
3.2. Empirical Findings
3.3. Model
3.4. Energy Density
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Capacitor
4.2. Measurement Methods
4.3. RC Time Constant
4.4. Constant Current
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Capacitor | Dielectric Layer Thickness * (mm) (±0.05) | MAX/MIN Current ** Applied (mAmps) | Dielectric Constant, <0.8 V At DT of 10 s (±10%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.90 | 70/10 | 5.5 × 1010 |
2 | 1.30 | 90/8 | 7.0 × 109 |
3 | 1.15 | 110/10 | 1.05 × 1010 |
4 | 0.38 | 100/10 | 6.0 × 109 |
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Jenkins, N.; Petty, C.; Phillips, J. Investigation of Fumed Silica/Aqueous NaCl Superdielectric Material. Materials 2016, 9, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020118
Jenkins N, Petty C, Phillips J. Investigation of Fumed Silica/Aqueous NaCl Superdielectric Material. Materials. 2016; 9(2):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020118
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenkins, Natalie, Clayton Petty, and Jonathan Phillips. 2016. "Investigation of Fumed Silica/Aqueous NaCl Superdielectric Material" Materials 9, no. 2: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020118