A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia
<p>(<b>a</b>) Low magnification (×25) SEM image of fractured titanium implant. The crack in this instance was initiated on the lower left edge of the implant (lower straight arrow) and extended around the thread, finally breaking when the cracks overlapped on the upper right-hand side; (<b>b</b>) higher magnification (×500) view of the rectangular outlined area of the fractured surface in <a href="#materials-08-00932-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>a showing fatigue striations in a vertical pattern that mark the crack position as it progressed.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Clinical examples of fractured zirconia implants: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) implants fractured during surgery; (<b>c</b>) implants fractured after prosthodontic loading.</p> "> Figure 2 Cont.
<p>Clinical examples of fractured zirconia implants: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) implants fractured during surgery; (<b>c</b>) implants fractured after prosthodontic loading.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>SEM images at different magnifications of various fractured zirconia implants showing porosities (white arrows) pointed out as the cause of implant fracture: (<b>a</b>) magnification factor: ×250; (<b>b</b>) magnification factor: ×500; (<b>c</b>) magnification factor: ×800.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>SEM images at different magnifications of various fractured zirconia implants showing porosities (white arrows) pointed out as the cause of implant fracture: (<b>a</b>) magnification factor: ×250; (<b>b</b>) magnification factor: ×500; (<b>c</b>) magnification factor: ×800.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>SEM image of failed retrieved zirconia implant showing the vulnerability of deep, thin, sharp thread edges easily fractured with a trephine bur.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Implant Material | Common Name or Abbreviation |
---|---|
I. Metals | |
Titanium | CpTi |
Titanium Alloys | Ti-6A1-4V extra low interstitial (ELI) |
Ti-6A1-4V | |
Ti-6Al-7Nb | |
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe | |
Ti-15 Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd | |
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr | |
Roxolid (83%–87%Ti-13%–17%Zr) | |
Stainless Steel | SS, 316 LSS |
Cobalt Chromium Alloy | Vitallium, Co-Cr-Mo |
Gold Alloys | Au Alloys |
Tantalum | Ta |
II. Ceramics | |
Alumina | Al2O3, polycrystalline alumina or single-crystal sapphire |
Hydroxyapatite | HA, Ca10(PO4)10, (OH)2 |
Beta-Tricalcium phosphate | β-TCP, Ca3(PO4)2 |
Carbon | C |
vitreous, | |
low-temperature isotropic (LTI), | |
ultra-low-temperature isotropic (ULTI) | |
Carbon-Silicon | C-Si |
Bioglass | SiO2/CaO/Na2O/P2O5 |
Zirconia | ZrO2 |
Zirconia-toughened alumina | ZTA |
III. Polymers | |
Polymethylmethacrylate | PMMA |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | PTFE |
Polyethylene | PE |
Polysulfone | PSF |
Polyurethane | PU |
Polyether ether ketone | PEEK |
2. Titanium and Its Alloys
2.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys
Material | Modulus (GPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Density (g/cc) | Type of Alloy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cp Ti grade I | 102 | 240 | 170 | 24 | 4.5 | α |
Cp Ti grade II | 102 | 345 | 275 | 20 | 4.5 | α |
Cp Ti grade III | 102 | 450 | 380 | 18 | 4.5 | α |
Cp Ti grade IV | 104 | 550 | 483 | 15 | 4.5 | α |
Ti-6Al-4V- ELI | 113 | 860 | 795 | 10 | 4.4 | α + β |
Ti-6Al-4V | 113 | 930 | 860 | 10 | 4.4 | α + β |
Ti-6Al-7Nb | 114 | 900–1050 | 880–950 | 8–15 | 4.4 | α + β |
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe | 112 | 1020 | 895 | 15 | 4.4 | α + β |
Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd | 94–99 | 715–919 | 693–806 | 18–28 | 4.4 | α + β |
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr | 80 | 911 | 864 | 13.2 | 4.4 | β |
2.2. Titanium Sensitivity Associated with Dental Implants
2.3. Failure Mode of Titanium
3. Ceramics
3.1. Ceramics as Dental Implant Coatings
Material | Chemical Composition |
---|---|
Hydroxylapatite (HA) | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 |
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) | α, β,Ca3(PO4)2 |
Fluorapatite (FA) | Ca10(PO4)6F2 |
Tetracalcium phosphate | Ca4P2O9 |
Calcium pyrophosphate | Ca4P2O7 |
Brushite | CaHPO4, CaHPO4·2H2O |
Bioglasses | SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P205-MgO, etc. |
Aluminium oxide | Al2O3 |
Zirconium oxide | ZrO2 |
3.2. Ceramics as Dental Implant Materials
3.2.1. Mechanical Properties of Zirconia
3.2.2. Low Temperature Degradation
3.2.3. Failure Mode of Zirconia
3.2.4. Types of Zirconia Used in Dentistry
(i) Yttrium-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (3Y-TZP)
(ii) Glass-Infiltrated Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA)
(iii) Alumina Toughened Zirconia (ATZ)
4. Osseointegration of Y-TZP versus Titanium Dental Implants
5. Peri-Implant Soft Tissues around Zirconia and Titanium Implants
6. Clinical Studies, Case Reports and Case Series on Zirconia Implants
7. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Osman, R.B.; Swain, M.V. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia. Materials 2015, 8, 932-958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8030932
Osman RB, Swain MV. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia. Materials. 2015; 8(3):932-958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8030932
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsman, Reham B., and Michael V. Swain. 2015. "A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia" Materials 8, no. 3: 932-958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8030932