Thermally Activated Composite with Two-Way and Multi-Shape Memory Effects
<p>General 3D view of thermo-mechanical shape memory cycles [<a href="#B12-materials-06-04031" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>DSC analysis of Epolam 20-25, <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>g</sub> = 124 °C.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Example of fixing or programming cycle, fixity temperature <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>F</sub> = 150 °C.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Recovery displacements for an unconstrained multi-step recovery cycle, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>d</mtext> <mi>F</mi> <mi>I</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 7.28 ± 0.89 mm, ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>I</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 2.43% ± 0.30%). E = fixity; EF: heating to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub>, FG: cooling to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>a</sub>. Loading equal to the preload of 0.3 N.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Definition of the geometrical parameters.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Multi-step unconstrained recovery activation ratio <span class="html-italic">r<sub>a</sub></span> and fixity ratio <span class="html-italic">r<sub>f</sub></span> calculated for each <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>T</mi> <mtext>R</mtext> <mtext>i</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> and linear interpolation.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Recovery displacement for an unconstrained multi-step recovery cycle with a constant recovery temperature, <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub> = 80 °C, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>I</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 6.93 ± 0.93, ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>ε</mtext> <mtext>F</mtext> <mtext>I</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 2.31% ± 0.31%). EF, GF: heating, FG: cooling to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>a</sub>. Loading equal to the preload of 0.3 N.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Recovery and residual forces for a one-step constrained recovery test at <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub> = 150 °C carried out three time, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mtext>F</mtext> <mtext>I</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 7.56 ± 0.69, ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>ε</mtext> <mtext>F</mtext> <mtext>I</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 2.52% ± 0.23%). EF, GH, IJ: heating step; FG, HI, JK: cooling to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>a</sub>.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Force evolutions during a constrained multi-step recovery cycle, <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mtext>F</mtext> <mtext>I</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 6.36 ± 0.84, ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>ε</mtext> <mtext>F</mtext> <mtext>I</mtext> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> = 2.12% ± 0.28%).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Recovery displacements for a recovery under load test at <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub> = 150 °C, <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>B</sub> = 36.5 N (EF = Heating to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub> and loading to <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>B</sub>; FG, HI, JK: heating to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>R</sub> under <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>B</sub>, GH, IJ, KL: cooling to <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>a</sub> under <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>B</sub>.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Techniques
2.1. Description of the Composites Plates
2.2. Experimental Equipment
2.3. Thermo-Mechanical Programming Cycle
2.4. Recovery Cycle
2.4.1. Unconstrained Recovery Cycle
2.4.2. Constrained Recovery Cycle
2.4.3. Recovery under Load
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Unconstrained Recovery Cycle with 2W-SME
TR (°C) | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
εF (%) | 1.99 ± 0.31 | 1.89 ± 0.33 | 1.73 ± 0.34 | 1.48 ± 0.33 | 1.23 ± 0.28 | 0.92 ± 0.92 | 0.51 ± 0.51 | 0.25 ± 0.26 |
εA (%) | 0.03 ± 0.33 | −0.39 ± 0.36 | −0.95 ± 0.39 | −1.60 ± 0.4 | −2.15 ± 0.3 | −2.72 ± 0.32 | −3.49 ± 0.24 | −4.06 ± 0.23 |
= − εA | 2.40 | 2.82 | 3.38 | 4.03 | 4.58 | 5.15 | 5.92 | 6.49 |
εdA | −2.14 ± 0.15 | −2.41 ± 0.21 | −2.82 ± 0.27 | −3.2 ± 0.11 | −3.47 ± 0.15 | −3.71 ± 0.11 | −3.99 ± 0.12 | −4.31 ± 0.08 |
εR = − |εdA| | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 0.83 | 1.11 | 1.44 | 1.93 | 2.18 |
TR (°C) | 80 | 90 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cycles | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
εF (%) | 1.67 ± 0.13 | 1.62 ± 0.14 | 1.57 ± 0.14 | 1.49 ± 0.14 | 1.45 ± 0.14 | 1.41 ± 0.14 |
εA (%) | −0.21 ± 0.17 | −0.29 ± 0.17 | −0.38 ± 0.16 | −0.81 ± 0.17 | −0.87 ± 0.18 | −0.89 ± 0.14 |
δε = (εF − εΑ) | 1.88 | 1.91 | 1.95 | 2.30 | 2.32 | 2.30 |
3.2. Constrained Recovery with 2W-SME
3.3. Recovery Under Load with 2W-SME
Recovery cycles | cycle 1 | cycle 2 | cycle 3 |
---|---|---|---|
εF (%) | 4.44 ± 0.19 | 4.49 ± 0.20 | 4.53 ± 0.21 |
εA (%) | 0.21 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.17 | 0.29 ± 0.21 |
δε = │εF − εΑ│ | 4.23 | 4.22 | 4.24 |
4. Conclusions
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Basit, A.; L'Hostis, G.; Pac, M.J.; Durand, B. Thermally Activated Composite with Two-Way and Multi-Shape Memory Effects. Materials 2013, 6, 4031-4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6094031
Basit A, L'Hostis G, Pac MJ, Durand B. Thermally Activated Composite with Two-Way and Multi-Shape Memory Effects. Materials. 2013; 6(9):4031-4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6094031
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasit, Abdul, Gildas L'Hostis, Marie José Pac, and Bernard Durand. 2013. "Thermally Activated Composite with Two-Way and Multi-Shape Memory Effects" Materials 6, no. 9: 4031-4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6094031