Perspectives for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Environmental Pollutants on Photoactive Particles of Soil Minerals
Abstract
:1. Introduction: The Basics of Photocatalysis and Strategies to Enhance Its Effectiveness
2. Photoactalytic Activity of Earth’s Lithosphere Minerals: Natural Semiconductors Present in the Crust and Their Capabilities to Initiate Redox Reactions
3. The Indicators of Soil Redox Activity: Redox Activity of Soil
4. Susceptibility of Organic Pollutants and Pathogenic Microorganisms to Oxidative- and Bio-Degradation: The Persistent Micro-Pollutants as a Main Challenge for AOPs
5. Interference of Redox Processes by Soil Organic Matter: Impact of Humic Acids on the Effectiveness of Photocatalysis In Vivo and In Vitro
6. The Perspectives of Photocatalysis on Soils Minerals “In Vivo”: The Limits Set by Diversity of Soils and the Environmental Conditions on the Earth
7. Challenges and Future Perspectives
8. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Allelopathy | Chemically mediated competition between plants |
AOPs | Advanced oxidation processes |
AVS | Absolute vacuum scale |
CB | Conduction band |
EBG | Band-gap energy |
ECB | Energy of conduction band |
Standard reduction potential of the Ox/Red pair | |
Er | Reduction potential of reactant |
EVB | Energy of valence band |
MIC | isocyanatomethane (methyl isocyanate, CH3-N=C=O, CAS No. 624-83-9) |
NOM | Natural organic matter |
PFOSs | Perfluorinated organic surfactants |
pHzpc | The net adsorbed charge within the Helmholtz double layer |
POPs | Persistent organic pollutants |
SHE | Standard hydrogen electrode |
SRP | Standard reduction potential |
VB | Valence band |
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Mineral/Oxide | EBG/eV (nm) | /V | /V | pHzpc | Mineral/Sulphide | EBG/eV (nm) | /V | /V | pHzpc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag2O | 0 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 11.2 | Ag2S (Argentite) | 0.92 (1348) | 1.02 | 0.06 | 2 |
AlTiO3 | 3.6 (345) | 2.8 | −0.8 | 8.23 | AgAsS2 (Trechmannite) | 1.95 (635) | 2.02 | 0.07 | 2 |
BaTiO3 | 3.3 (375) | 3.44 | 0.14 | 9 | AgSbS2 (Miargyrite) | 0 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 2 |
Bi2O3 (Bismite) | 2.8 (443) | 3.19 | 0.39 | 6.2 | As2S3 (Orpiment) | 2.5 (496) | 2.64 | 0.14 | 2 |
CdO (Monteponite) | 2.2 (564) | 2.37 | 0.17 | 11.6 | CdS (Greenockite) | 2.4 (517) | 2.26 | −0.46 | 2 |
CdFe2O4 | 2.3 (539) | 2.54 | 0.24 | 7.22 | Ce2S3 | 0 | −0.85 | −0.85 | 2 |
Ce2O3 | 2.4 (517) | 1.96 | −0.44 | 8.85 | CoS | 0 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 2 |
CoO | 2.6 (477) | 2.55 | −0.05 | 7.59 | CoS2 (Catterite) | 0 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.5 |
CoTiO3 | 2.25 (551) | 2.45 | 0.2 | 7.41 | CoAsS (Cobaltite) | 0 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 2 |
Cr2O3 (Eskolaite) | 3.5 (554) | 2.99 | −0.51 | 8.1 | CuS (Covellite) | 0 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 2 |
CuO (Tenorite) | 1.7 (729) | 2.22 | 0.52 | 9.5 | Cu2S (Chalcocite) | 1.1 (1127) | 1.1 | 0 | 2 |
Cu2O (Cuprite) | 2.2 (564) | 1.98 | −0.22 | 8.53 | CuS2 (Villamaninite) | 0 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 2 |
CuTiO3 | 2.99 (415) | 2.87 | −0.12 | 7.29 | Cu3AsS4 (Enargite) | 1.28 (969) | 1.59 | 0.31 | 2 |
FeO (Wustite) | 2.4 (517) | 2.29 | −0.11 | 8 | CuFeS2 (Chalcopyrite) | 0.35 (3542) | 0.88 | 0.53 | 1.8 |
Fe2O3 (Hematite) | 2.2 (564) | 2.54 | 0.34 | 8.6 | Cu5FeS4 (Bornite) | 0 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 2 |
Fe3O4 (Magnetite) | 0.1 (12,398) | 1.39 | 1.29 | 6.5 | CuInS2 | 1.5 (827) | 2.62 | −0.38 | 2 |
FeOOH (Goethite) | 2.6 (477) | 3.24 | 0.64 | 9.7 | CuIn5S8 | 1.26 (984) | 0.91 | −0.35 | 2 |
FeTiO3 (Ilmenite) | 2.8 (443) | 2.65 | −0.15 | 6.3 | Dy2S3 | 2.85 (435) | 1.77 | −1.08 | 2 |
Ga2O3 (β-Ga2O3) | 4.8 (258) | 3.31 | −1.49 | 8.47 | FeS (Pyrrhotite) | 0.1 (12,398) | 0.63 | 0.53 | 3 |
HgO (Montroydite) | 1.9 (653) | 2.59 | 0.69 | 7.3 | FeS2 (Pyrite) | 0.95 (1305) | 1.43 | 0.48 | 1.4 |
Hg2Nb2O7 | 1.8 (689) | 2.67 | 0.87 | 6.25 | Fe3S4 (Greigite) | 0 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 2 |
Hg2Ta2O7 | 1.8 (689) | 2.7 | 0.9 | 6.17 | FeAsS (Arsenopyrite) | 0 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 1.5 |
In2O3 (India) | 2.8 (443) | 2.24 | −0.56 | 8.64 | Gd2S3 | 2.55 (486) | 1.68 | −0.87 | 2 |
KNbO3 | 3.3 (376) | 2.5 | −0.8 | 8.62 | HfS2 | 1.13 (1097) | 1.4 | 0.27 | 2 |
KTaO3 | 3.5 (354) | 2.63 | −0.87 | 8.55 | HgS (Cinnabarite) | 0 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 2 |
La2O3 | 5.5 (225) | 3.59 | −1.91 | 10.4 | HgSb4S8 | 1.68 (738) | 2.05 | 0.37 | 2 |
LaTi2O7 | 0 | −0.54 | −0.54 | 7.06 | In2S3 | 0 | −0.74 | −0.74 | 2 |
LiNbO3 | 3.5 (354) | 2.83 | −0.67 | 8.02 | La2S3 | 0 | −1.19 | −1.19 | 2 |
LiTaO3 | 0 | −0.89 | −0.89 | 7.94 | MnS (Alabandite) | 3 (413) | 1.87 | −1.13 | 2 |
MgTiO3 (Geikielite) | 3.7 (335) | 3.01 | −0.69 | 7.81 | MnS2 (Hauerite) | 0 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 2 |
MnO (Manganosite) | 3.6 (345) | 2.65 | −0.95 | 8.61 | MoS2 (Molybdenite) | 1.17 (1060) | 1.46 | 0.29 | 2 |
MnO2 (Pyrolusite) | 0.25 (4959) | 1.64 | 1.39 | 4.6 | Nd2S3 | 2.7 (459) | 1.56 | −1.14 | 2 |
MnTiO3 | 0 | −0.4 | −0.4 | 7.83 | NiS (Polydymite) | 0 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 2 |
Nb2O5 (Niobia) | 3.4 (367) | 3.55 | 0.15 | 6.06 | NiS2 (Vaesite) | 0 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.6 |
Nd2O3 | 4.7 (264) | 3.13 | −1.57 | 8.81 | OsS2 (Erlichmanite) | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2 |
NiO (Bunsenite) | 3.5 (354) | 3.06 | −0.44 | 10.3 | PbS (Galena) | 0.37 (3351) | 3.37 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
NiTiO3 | 2.18 (569) | 2.44 | 0.26 | 7.34 | Pb10Ag3Sb11S28 | 1.39 (982) | 1.54 | 0.15 | 2 |
PbO (Massicot) | 2.8 (443) | 2.38 | −0.42 | 8.29 | Pb2As2S5 | 1.39 (982) | 1.66 | 0.27 | 2 |
PbFe12O19 | 2.3 (539) | 2.56 | 0.26 | 7.17 | PbCuSbS3 | 1.23 (1008) | 1.4 | 0.17 | 2 |
PdO | 0 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 7.34 | Pb5Sn3Sb2S14 | 0.65 (1907) | 1.16 | 0.51 | 2 |
Pr2O3 | 3.9 (318) | 2.7 | −1.2 | 8.87 | Pr2S3 | 2.4 (517) | 1.39 | −1.01 | 2 |
Sb2O3 (Valentinite) | 3 (413) | 3.38 | 0.38 | 5.98 | PtS2 | 0.95 (1305) | 2.04 | 1.09 | 2 |
Sm2O3 | 4.4 (282) | 3.03 | −1.37 | 8.69 | Rh2S3 | 1.5 (827) | 1.67 | 0.17 | 2 |
SnO (Romarchite) | 4.2 (295) | 3.35 | −0.85 | 7.59 | RuS2 (Laurite) | 1.38 (898) | 1.83 | 0.45 | 2 |
SnO2 (Cassiterite) | 3.5 (354) | 3.56 | 0.06 | 4.3 | Sb2S3 (Antimonite) | 1.72 (721) | 2 | 0.28 | 2 |
SrTiO3 (Tausonite) | 3.4 (365) | 2.2 | −1.2 | 8.6 | Sm2S3 | 2.6 (477) | 1.55 | −1.05 | 2 |
Ta2O5 (Tantite) | 0 | −0.11 | −0.11 | 2.9 | SnS (Herzenbergite) | 1.01 (1228) | 1.23 | 0.22 | 2 |
Tb2O3 | 3.8 (326) | 2.8 | −1 | 8.5 | SnS2 (Berndtite) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
TiO2 (Anatase) | 3.2 (387) | 2.97 | −0.23 | 5.8 | Tb2S3 | 2.5 (496) | 1.57 | −0.93 | 2 |
Tl2O3 (Avicennite) | 1.6 (775) | 1.71 | 0.11 | 8.47 | TiS2 | 0 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 2 |
V2O5 (Karelianite) | 2.8 (443) | 3.05 | 0.26 | 6.54 | TlAsS2 (Lorandite) | 1.8 (689) | 1.52 | −0.28 | 2 |
WO3 (Tungstinite, Meymacite, Hydrotungstite) | 2.7 (459) | 3.5 | 0.8 | 0.43 | WS2 (Tungstenite) | 1.35 (918) | 1.77 | 0.42 | 2 |
Yb2O3 | 4.9 (253) | 3.48 | −1.42 | 8.15 | ZnS (Sphalerite) | 3.6 (345) | 2.62 | −0.98 | 1.7 |
YFeO3 | 2.6 (476) | 2.46 | −0.14 | 7.81 | ZnS2 | 2.7 (459) | 2.47 | −0.23 | 2 |
ZnO (Zincite) | 3.2 (247) | 2.95 | −0.25 | 8.8 | Zn3In2S6 | 2.81 (441) | 1.98 | −0.85 | 2 |
ZnTiO3 | 0 | −0.17 | −0.17 | 7.31 | ZrS2 | 1.82 (681) | 1.67 | −0.15 | 2 |
ZrO2 (Baddeleyite) | 5 (248) | 3.97 | −1.03 | 6.7 | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
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Sosnowska, A.; Hęclik, K.I.; Kisała, J.B.; Celuch, M.; Pogocki, D. Perspectives for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Environmental Pollutants on Photoactive Particles of Soil Minerals. Materials 2024, 17, 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163975
Sosnowska A, Hęclik KI, Kisała JB, Celuch M, Pogocki D. Perspectives for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Environmental Pollutants on Photoactive Particles of Soil Minerals. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163975
Chicago/Turabian StyleSosnowska, Agnieszka, Kinga I. Hęclik, Joanna B. Kisała, Monika Celuch, and Dariusz Pogocki. 2024. "Perspectives for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Environmental Pollutants on Photoactive Particles of Soil Minerals" Materials 17, no. 16: 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163975