Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Retentive Strength between Zirconia Crown and Titanium Implant Abutment
<p>(<b>a</b>) CAD design of the zirconia crown and schematic diagram of the cross-section of the zirconia crown. (<b>b</b>) CAD design and schematic diagram of the titanium abutment.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>A process of lab analog embedding and titanium abutment fixation. (<b>a</b>) CAD data of the jig. (<b>b</b>) 3D printing process. (<b>c</b>) 3D-printed jig and lab analog. (<b>d</b>) Lab analog in the jig hole. (<b>e</b>) Lab analog embedded in acrylic resin. (<b>f</b>) Titanium abutment fixed to a lab analog with 35 Ncm torque. (<b>g</b>) Filling screw hole using Teflon tape. (<b>h</b>) Complete lab analog-titanium abutment connection.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Flowchart of the surface treatment process for zirconia specimens.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) treatment on the cube-shaped zirconia block. (<b>b</b>) NTP treatment on the inner surface of the zirconia crown.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The process of testing retentive strength (RS) between the zirconia crown and the titanium abutment. (<b>a</b>) CAD data of the positioning stand. (<b>b</b>) 3D-printed positioning stand and titanium abutment on a surveyor. (<b>c</b>) Application of G-CEM LinkAce inside the zirconia crown. (<b>d</b>) Zirconia crown and titanium abutment bonded with the resin cement by a force of 50N using a surveyor. (<b>e</b>) Zirconia crown-titanium abutment assembly after light polymerization. (<b>f</b>) Fixing the assembly to the Instron machine and placing the wire on the zirconia crown. (<b>g</b>) Debonded titanium abutment after the RS test. (<b>h</b>) Debonded zirconia crown after the RS test.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Contact angle images and values of water and diiodomethane droplets on zirconia surfaces. Control, no treatment. NTP, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma. Si, Silane. NTP + Si, NTP followed by Silane. Pr, Z-Prime Plus. NTP + Pr, NTP followed by Z-Prime Plus.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Average polar and dispersive values of SFE for zirconia surface. The sum of both components represents the total SFE value.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Survey XPS spectra for the zirconia blocks before and after NTP treatment. (<b>a</b>) Control group. (<b>b</b>) NTP group. (<b>c</b>) Si group. (<b>d</b>) NTP + Si group. (<b>e</b>) Pr group. (<b>f</b>) NTP + Pr group.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Average RS values between the zirconia crown and the titanium abutment according to thermocycling and surface treatment.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Failure mode between the zirconia crown and the resin cement in all groups after RS test. Adhesive failure between the titanium abutment and the resin cement, as well as cohesive failure in the resin cement, did not occur in any group.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Representative FE-SEM images (45×) of the inner surface for zirconia crown in thermocycling after the RS test. (<b>a</b>) Adhesive failure of the Control group. (<b>b</b>) Mixed failure of the NTP group. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Representative FE-SEM images (150×) of the titanium abutment surface in thermocycling after the RS test. (<b>c</b>) The surface where adhesive failure between the zirconia crown and the resin cement occurred in the Control group. The entire surface of the titanium abutment was covered with the resin cement. (<b>d</b>) The surface where the mixed failure occurred in the NTP group. Zr, zirconia surface. G, G-CEM LinkAce. Ti, titanium abutment.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Line scan analysis and elemental mapping analysis at the same cross-sectional bonding interface for the NTP group in thermocycling. (<b>a</b>) Line scan analysis shows the distribution of each element along the white straight line marked in the FE-SEM image. (<b>b</b>) Elemental mapping analysis shows the presence of each element through color differences. Z, Zirconia surface. G, G-CEM LinkAce. T, Titanium abutment. C, Carbon. O, Oxygen. Si, Silicon. Zr, Zirconium. Ti, Titanium.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Zirconia Specimens and Titanium Implant Abutments
2.2. Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (NTP) Treatment
2.3. Contact Angle Measurement and Surface Free Energy (SFE) Analysis
2.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
2.5. Retentive Strength (RS) Test before and after Thermocycling
2.6. Failure Mode Analysis
2.7. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Contact Angle Measurement and Surface Free Energy (SFE) Analysis
3.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
3.3. Retentive Strength (RS) Test
3.4. Failure Mode Analysis
3.5. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- NTP single treatment increases SFE of zirconia.
- NTP single treatment increases the initial RS between zirconia crown and titanium implant abutment but has little effect on the RS after thermocycling.
- Regardless of thermocycling, NTP pre-treatment does not show a positive effect on the RS when applied with Silane or Z-Prime Plus.
- Regardless of NTP pre-treatment and thermocycling, Z-Prime Plus shows higher RS than Silane.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Distribution of Zirconia Specimens (n) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cube-Shaped Blocks | Crowns | |||
Surface Free Energy (SFE) Analysis | X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis | Retentive Strength (RS) Test | ||
Non-Thermocycling | Thermocycling | |||
Control | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
NTP | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
Si | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
NTP + Si | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
Pr | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
NTP + Pr | 3 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
Material | Manufacturer | Type | Composition |
---|---|---|---|
G-CEM LinkAce | GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan | Self-adhesive resin cement | Paste A: fluoroalumino silicate glass, urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), dimethacrylate, pigment, silicon dioxide, initiator, inhibitor |
Paste B: urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), dimethacrylate, phosphoric acid ester monomer, initiator, stabilizer | |||
Silane | Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA | Silane agent | 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), isopropyl alcohol |
Z-Prime Plus | Bisco Inc., Schaumberg, IL, USA | MDP primer | Ethanol, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) |
Elements | Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | NTP | Si | NTP + Si | Pr | NTP + Pr | |
C | 21.10 | 14.56 | 71.14 | 79.33 | 81.19 | 82.72 |
O | 49.90 | 55.96 | 16.97 | 12.02 | 17.61 | 16.77 |
Zr | 20.25 | 20.76 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.00 |
Si | 1.42 | 2.45 | 9.92 | 7.00 | 0.52 | 0.33 |
P | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.10 |
Y | 7.25 | 6.24 | 1.39 | 1.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
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Kim, D.-S.; Ahn, J.-J.; Kim, G.-C.; Jeong, C.-M.; Huh, J.-B.; Lee, S.-H. Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Retentive Strength between Zirconia Crown and Titanium Implant Abutment. Materials 2021, 14, 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092352
Kim D-S, Ahn J-J, Kim G-C, Jeong C-M, Huh J-B, Lee S-H. Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Retentive Strength between Zirconia Crown and Titanium Implant Abutment. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092352
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dae-Sung, Jong-Ju Ahn, Gyoo-Cheon Kim, Chang-Mo Jeong, Jung-Bo Huh, and So-Hyoun Lee. 2021. "Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Retentive Strength between Zirconia Crown and Titanium Implant Abutment" Materials 14, no. 9: 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092352